Name of the Procedure:

HLA Typing; DR/DQ, Multiple Antigens
Common Names: HLA Typing, HLA DR/DQ Typing
Technical Terms: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing, Histocompatibility Testing

Summary

HLA typing is a laboratory test that determines the specific types of HLA molecules present on the surface of a person's white blood cells. This test specifically looks at multiple antigens, primarily focusing on the DR and DQ antigens.

Purpose

HLA typing is used to match patients and donors for organ or bone marrow transplants, ensuring compatibility to minimize the risk of transplant rejection. It can also aid in diagnosing certain autoimmune conditions and in identifying familial relationships in cases of disputed paternity.

Indications

• Patients awaiting organ or bone marrow transplantation.
• Diagnosing or managing autoimmune diseases.
• Confirming genetic relationships in forensic and paternity cases.

Preparation

• Fasting is not typically required.
• Patients should inform their healthcare provider of all medications they are currently taking.
• A blood sample will usually be drawn, so staying hydrated may be beneficial.
• No special diagnostic tests are usually required beforehand.

Procedure Description

1. Blood Sample Collection: A small sample of blood is drawn from a vein, usually in the arm.
2. Laboratory Analysis: The blood sample is sent to a specialized lab where HLA typing is performed using molecular techniques such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).
3. Result Identification: Multiple HLA antigens, specifically DR and DQ, are identified and recorded.

Tools/Equipment: Sterile needles, syringes, blood collection tubes, PCR machines, specialized software for HLA identification.
Anesthesia: Not required.

Duration

• Blood collection: 5–10 minutes.
• Laboratory analysis: Several hours to a few days, depending on the complexity and the lab.

Setting

The blood sample can be collected in various settings including hospitals, outpatient clinics, or specialized diagnostic labs.

Personnel

• Phlebotomist or nurse (for blood collection).
• Laboratory technologists and geneticists (for analysis).

Risks and Complications

• Minimal risks with blood draw include bruising, infection, or fainting.
• No significant risks associated with the laboratory procedures.

Benefits

• Ensures higher success rates in transplants by reducing the risk of organ rejection.
• Helps in diagnosing autoimmune disorders and planning appropriate treatments.
• Assists in legal and forensic cases requiring genetic relationships verification.

Recovery

• Post-procedure, patients can resume normal activities immediately if the procedure only involves blood draw.
• Follow-up may include discussing test results with a healthcare provider.

Alternatives

• There are no direct alternatives to HLA typing for transplant compatibility.
• For autoimmune diseases, alternative diagnostic tests and assessments are available, though they may not provide the same specific information.

Patient Experience

• Patients will experience a quick needle prick during blood sample collection.
• Mild discomfort or bruising at the puncture site may occur but usually resolves quickly.
• No pain or discomfort is associated with the lab analysis process since it is done outside the patient's body.