Name of the Procedure

Common Name: HIV Test, HIV Screening
Technical/Medical Term: HIV Antigen/Antibody, Combination Assay, Screening (HCPCS Code: G0475)

Summary

The HIV antigen/antibody test is a screening procedure to detect HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). It identifies both HIV antigens (specific proteins from the virus) and antibodies (proteins produced by the immune system in response to the virus) in a person’s blood.

Purpose

The purpose of the HIV antigen/antibody test is to diagnose HIV infection. Early detection can lead to timely treatment, which helps manage the virus and prevent the progression to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The main goal is to improve health outcomes and reduce the transmission of HIV.

Indications

• Unprotected sexual contact
• A history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Use of intravenous (IV) drugs
• Pregnant women (to prevent mother-to-child transmission)
• Healthcare workers exposed to blood or bodily fluids
• Patients with symptoms of acute HIV infection (fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes)

Preparation

No special preparation is necessary for the HIV antigen/antibody test. Patients do not need to fast or make any adjustments to their usual medication regimen. It’s important to inform the healthcare provider of any relevant medical history.

Procedure Description

1. The healthcare provider will clean the arm area where the blood will be drawn.
2. A small amount of blood is taken from a vein in the arm using a needle.
3. The sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
4. The test detects the presence of HIV p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Tools, Equipment, or Technology Used:

• Sterile needle and syringe
• Test tubes
• Laboratory assay kits

Anesthesia or Sedation Details:

• None required

Duration

The blood drawing process takes just a few minutes. Results typically become available within a few days, depending on the laboratory’s processing time.

Setting

The procedure is usually performed in a variety of healthcare settings, including:

• Hospitals
• Outpatient clinics
• Community health centers

Personnel

Healthcare professionals involved may include:

• Phlebotomists (blood-drawing technicians)
• Nurses
• Laboratory technicians
• Physicians or nurse practitioners (for result interpretation and follow-up)

Risks and Complications

Risks are minimal and may include:

• Minor pain or bruising at the needle site.
• Rarely, infection or light-headedness.

Benefits

• Early detection of HIV, which can significantly improve health outcomes with prompt treatment.
• Reduces the risk of HIV transmission through informed lifestyle changes and preventive measures.
• Peace of mind for individuals with recent potential exposure or worried about their status.

Recovery

• No significant recovery time is needed.
• Patients can return to their normal activities immediately after the blood draw.
• Follow-up appointments to discuss test results and evaluate further steps if the test is positive.

Alternatives

Other HIV testing options include:

• Rapid HIV tests (results in 20 minutes, focus on antibodies)
• HIV RNA tests (detects virus directly, more expensive)
• Oral fluid tests (less invasive but may be slightly less accurate)

Pros and Cons:

• Rapid tests provide quicker results but may require confirmation with a laboratory test.
• RNA tests are highly accurate but are more costly and less commonly available.

Patient Experience

During the procedure:

• Mild discomfort from the needle.
• Temporary minor bruising or soreness at the puncture site.

After the procedure:

• Patients typically feel normal immediately after.
• Mental anxiety related to waiting for results can be managed through counseling or support services.
• Positive results lead to additional confirmatory testing and consultations for treatment planning.

Pain Management and Comfort Measures:

• The discomfort is usually minimal and temporary.
• Relaxation techniques or local numbing agents can be used if necessary to alleviate patient anxiety or discomfort during the blood draw.