Name of the Procedure:

HLA Typing; A, B, or C, Multiple Antigens Common names: HLA Typing, Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing Technical terms: HLA Class I Typing, HLA Class I Gene Typing

Summary

HLA typing is a laboratory test that identifies specific markers on white blood cells called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). These markers play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The test helps match donors and recipients for organ and bone marrow transplants.

Purpose

HLA typing is primarily used to ensure compatibility between organ or bone marrow donors and recipients. Matching HLA markers can reduce the risk of transplant rejection and complications. The test can also help diagnose certain autoimmune diseases and conditions related to HLA markers.

Indications

• Individuals needing organ or bone marrow transplants
• Patients with autoimmune diseases
• Family members of a person needing a transplant
• Individuals participating in a bone marrow donor registry

Preparation

• No specific fasting or special preparation required.
• Inform the healthcare provider of any current medications.
• A simple blood sample will be required.

Procedure Description

1. A healthcare professional collects a blood sample from the patient.
2. The blood sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
3. Laboratory technicians use specific tests, often involving DNA analysis and serological methods, to identify HLA markers on white blood cells.
4. The results are compared to determine compatibility between donor and recipient.

Duration

The blood draw itself takes about 10-15 minutes. Laboratory analysis may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the complexity of the testing required.

Setting

• Hospital
• Outpatient clinic
• Specialized laboratory

Personnel

• Phlebotomist or nurse (for blood draw)
• Laboratory technician or technologist (for sample analysis)
• Pathologist or medical geneticist (to interpret results)

Risks and Complications

• Minor risks associated with blood draw: bruising, infection at the puncture site, dizziness, or fainting.
• Rare risks: incorrect interpretation of results, leading to donor-recipient incompatibility.

Benefits

• Increased likelihood of successful organ or bone marrow transplant.
• Reduced risk of transplant rejection.
• More precisely targeted diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Recovery

• Minimal recovery needed for the blood draw.
• Patients can resume normal activities immediately.
• No specific post-procedure restrictions or follow-up appointments required unless specified by a healthcare provider.

Alternatives

• Cross-matching tests, which are used to check for pre-existing antibodies against donor antigens.
• Panel Reactive Antibody (PRA) test, which identifies sensitization to HLA antigens.
• Pros and Cons: Cross-matching and PRA tests are broader but may not be as specific and detailed as HLA typing.

Patient Experience

During the procedure, the patient will experience a routine blood draw, which involves minor discomfort and a brief needle prick. Post-procedure, there are minimal side effects, and patients can resume daily activities immediately. Any pain or bruising at the puncture site can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers and ice packs if necessary.