Malignant neoplasm of rectum

ICD10CM code

#### Name of the Condition
- Malignant Neoplasm of Rectum  
- Also known as rectal cancer or colorectal cancer when combined with colon cancer.

#### Summary
Malignant neoplasm of the rectum refers to cancerous tumors located in the rectum, which is the last several inches of the large intestine leading to the anus. This type of cancer originates from the rectal tissue and can cause significant health concerns if not treated promptly.

#### Causes
The exact cause of rectal cancer is not clearly understood, but it generally involves genetic mutations in the cells of the rectum that lead to uncontrollable growth. Factors contributing to these changes include genetic predispositions and environmental influences.

#### Risk Factors
- Age, particularly those over 50.
- Family history of colorectal cancer.
- Personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis).
- Diets high in red or processed meats.
- Low physical activity levels.
- Obesity and smoking.

#### Symptoms
- Changes in bowel habits (e.g., diarrhea, constipation).
- Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding.
- Persistent abdominal discomfort or cramps.
- Weakness or fatigue.
- Unintended weight loss.

#### Diagnosis
- Colonoscopy with biopsy.
- Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs.
- Blood tests, including complete blood count (CBC) and tumor markers like CEA.

#### Treatment Options
- **Surgery**: Often required to remove the tumor, sometimes followed by a colostomy.
- **Radiation Therapy**: Helps shrink the tumor before surgery or eliminate residual cancer cells.
- **Chemotherapy**: Utilized to destroy cancer cells, typically used in combination with radiation.
- **Targeted Therapy**: Involves drugs that target specific abnormalities in cancer cells.

#### Prognosis and Follow-Up
- Prognosis depends on the stage of cancer at diagnosis. Early detection generally leads to better outcomes.
- Regular follow-ups and screenings are crucial for monitoring recurrence and managing health.

#### Complications
- Metastasis (spread to other organs).
- Bowel obstruction.
- Recurrence of cancer.
- Impact on quality of life and dietary restrictions following surgery.

#### Lifestyle & Prevention
- Maintain a healthy weight and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Limit alcohol consumption and avoid smoking.
- Engage in regular physical exercise.
- Early screening for those with a family history or other risk factors.

#### When to Seek Professional Help
- Persistent changes in bowel habits.
- Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
- Unexplained abdominal pain or weight loss.

#### Additional Resources
- [American Cancer Society - Colorectal Cancer](https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer.html)
- [National Cancer Institute](https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal)
- [Colorectal Cancer Alliance](https://www.ccalliance.org/)

#### Tips for Medical Coders
- Ensure to differentiate between rectal cancer (C20) and other parts of the colorectal region for accurate coding.
- Verify the documentation for specifics regarding tumor location, stage, and any metastasis.
- Avoid confusion with benign neoplasms of the rectum, coded differently.