Name of the Procedure:

Tuberculosis (TB) Screening Test; Interpreted Results for HIV and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Summary

A TB screening test is a diagnostic procedure used to determine if a person has been infected with the tuberculosis bacteria. For patients with HIV or Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), interpreting the results of a TB test requires special consideration due to their altered immune responses.

Purpose

The procedure aims to:

• Identify latent or active TB infections
• Monitor patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or IBD, to prevent potential TB-related complications.

Indications

• Persistent cough, weight loss, night sweats, and fever suggestive of TB
• HIV-positive status, warranting careful monitoring for opportunistic infections
• IBD patients who may be at increased risk for TB due to immunosuppressive therapy.

Preparation

• No specific preparation is typically required.
• Physician may review patient history and current medications.
• Diagnostic tests, such as a chest X-ray, may be recommended before screening.

Procedure Description

1. Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (TST):

   • A small amount of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected into the forearm's skin.
   • The injection site is inspected 48-72 hours later for swelling and induration.

2. Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs):

   • Blood samples are drawn and tested in a lab to measure the immune response to TB bacteria.

3. Result interpretation considers the patient’s immunocompromised status for accurate diagnosis.

Duration

• The skin test takes a few minutes for the injection and requires a follow-up visit within 48-72 hours.
• Blood tests typically involve a single visit, with results available in a few days.

Setting

• Performed in hospitals, outpatient clinics, or specialized diagnostic centers.

Personnel

• Nurses or medical assistants administer the TST or draw blood.
• Physicians or infectious disease specialists interpret the results.

Risks and Complications

• Minor pain or discomfort at the injection site.
• Rarely, allergic reactions to the tuberculin.
• False positives or negatives, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Benefits

• Early detection of TB, allowing for timely treatment.
• Prevention of the spread of TB to others.
• Improved health outcomes for patients with compromised immune systems.

Recovery

• No recovery time needed for the test itself.
• Patients should monitor the injection site for adverse reactions.
• Follow-up appointments for result interpretation and additional testing if needed.

Alternatives

• Chest X-ray: Useful for detecting active TB, but less sensitive for latent TB.
• Sputum tests: Effective for detecting active TB, especially in symptomatic patients.

Patient Experience

• Mild discomfort from the needle during the TST or blood draw.
• Possible itching or irritation at the injection site.
• Results review and consultation with a healthcare provider to discuss next steps and any necessary treatment.