S52.62 Torus fracture of lower end of ulna

Name of the Condition

• Torus fracture of lower end of ulna

Summary

A torus fracture of the lower end of the ulna is a stable, incomplete break in the distal portion of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. This type of fracture typically occurs in children due to the flexibility of their bones and is characterized by a buckling or compression of the bone cortex without significant displacement. The injury often results from a fall onto an outstretched hand and may involve the wrist joint or adjacent soft tissues.

Causes

The most common cause is trauma, such as a fall onto an outstretched hand, a direct blow to the forearm, or high-impact injuries like sports-related incidents. The force transmitted through the wrist or elbow can lead to a buckling of the distal ulna, particularly in pediatric patients with more pliable bone structures.

Risk Factors

• Participation in contact sports or activities with a high risk of falls (e.g., gymnastics, skateboarding)
• Pediatric age group, as children’s bones are more prone to torus fractures
• Osteoporosis or reduced bone density (less common in children but relevant in older populations)
• Previous forearm or wrist injuries
• Certain occupations or hobbies involving repetitive stress or heavy lifting

Symptoms

• Mild to moderate pain at the injury site
• Swelling or tenderness over the distal ulna
• Limited range of motion in the wrist or elbow
• Possible deformity or prominence at the fracture site
• Difficulty gripping or moving the hand

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is confirmed through physical examination to assess pain, swelling, and deformity. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, are typically used to visualize the buckled bone cortex and rule out other fractures or injuries. The stability of the fracture and absence of significant displacement are key diagnostic features.

Treatment Options

Treatment often involves immobilization with a cast or splint to allow the bone to heal. Pain management may include over-the-counter analgesics or prescription medications. In most cases, torus fractures heal without surgery, and follow-up imaging may be performed to monitor healing progress.

Prognosis and Follow-Up

The prognosis is generally excellent, with most torus fractures healing completely within 4–6 weeks. Follow-up care includes monitoring for pain resolution, swelling reduction, and restored range of motion. Physical therapy may be recommended to regain strength and mobility if stiffness persists.

Complications

• Persistent pain or discomfort
• Limited range of motion in the wrist or elbow
• Delayed union or nonunion (rare)
• Nerve or soft tissue irritation from immobilization

Lifestyle & Prevention

• Use protective gear during high-risk activities (e.g., wrist guards for sports)
• Maintain bone health through adequate nutrition (e.g., calcium, vitamin D)
• Avoid falls by using assistive devices if balance is impaired
• Engage in strength training to support bone and muscle resilience

When to Seek Professional Help

Seek medical attention if pain worsens, swelling increases, or movement becomes severely restricted. Immediate care is needed if there is visible deformity, open wound, or signs of nerve compression (e.g., numbness, tingling).

Tips for Medical Coders

Document the specific location (lower end of ulna) and fracture type (torus) to ensure accurate coding. Include details about trauma mechanism, patient age, and treatment (e.g., immobilization) to support clinical specificity. Note that torus fractures are distinct from displaced or open fractures and should not be confused with other distal ulna injuries.