S22.2 Fracture of sternum

Name of the Condition

• Fracture of sternum (ICD-10-CM Code: S22.2)

Summary

A fracture of the sternum refers to a break in the breastbone, the flat bone located in the center of the chest. This condition typically results from direct trauma to the chest and may involve one or more segments of the sternum. The sternum connects to the ribs and clavicles, playing a key role in protecting underlying organs.

Causes

Commonly caused by blunt force trauma to the chest, such as from motor vehicle accidents, falls, or direct impacts during sports or physical altercations. Severe coughing or compression injuries can also lead to sternum fractures, particularly in individuals with weakened bones.

Risk Factors

• High-impact activities or contact sports.
• Advanced age, which may reduce bone density.
• Conditions like osteoporosis or osteopenia that weaken bone structure.
• Previous sternum injuries or surgeries.

Symptoms

• Pain and tenderness localized to the sternum.
• Swelling or bruising over the chest area.
• Difficulty breathing or pain during deep inhalation.
• Possible audible "pop" or crack at the time of injury.

Diagnosis

Physical examination to assess tenderness, swelling, or deformity. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to confirm the fracture and evaluate for associated injuries (e.g., rib fractures or organ damage).

Treatment Options

• Pain Management: Analgesics or anti-inflammatory medications to reduce discomfort.
• Rest and Immobilization: Limiting physical activity to allow healing, often with a supportive brace if needed.
• Surgery: Rarely required but may be necessary for severe fractures or those with displacement.

Prognosis and Follow-Up

Most sternum fractures heal within 6–8 weeks with proper rest and pain management. Follow-up imaging may be recommended to ensure proper healing, especially if symptoms persist. Return to normal activities should be gradual to avoid re-injury.

Complications

• Potential for associated injuries to the lungs, heart, or major blood vessels if trauma was severe.
• Chronic pain or discomfort in some cases.
• Delayed healing in individuals with poor bone health.

Lifestyle & Prevention

• Wear protective gear during high-risk activities (e.g., sports, construction work).
• Maintain bone health through adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.
• Avoid smoking, which can weaken bone structure over time.

When to Seek Professional Help

• Severe chest pain, difficulty breathing, or signs of shock (e.g., dizziness, rapid heartbeat) after trauma.
• Persistent pain or swelling that does not improve with rest.
• Visible deformity or instability in the chest area.

Tips for Medical Coders

• Code S22.2 is used for fractures of the sternum, including unspecified or multiple segments. Documentation should specify the fracture type (e.g., closed, open, displaced) and encounter details (e.g., initial, subsequent) when available. Ensure trauma mechanisms and associated injuries are noted to support coding accuracy.