Name of the Procedure:

Common Name: Prothrombin Complex Concentrate, Kcentra
Technical/Medical Term: Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (Human), Kcentra, per I.U. of Factor IX Activity (C9132)

Summary

This procedure involves the administration of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC), a medication used to help the blood clot. Kcentra is a specific brand of PCC made from human plasma and used to rapidly reverse the effects of certain blood-thinning medications in patients experiencing severe bleeding.

Purpose

Medical Conditions/Problems Addressed:

• Urgent reversal of anticoagulation in patients with major bleeding or who need an emergency surgery.
• It corrects blood clotting in individuals on certain types of anticoagulant therapy (e.g., warfarin) who experience unexpected bleeding events.

Goals/Expected Outcomes:

• To halt active bleeding
• To prepare patients for urgent surgeries by restoring normal blood clotting functions

Indications

Specific Symptoms/Conditions:

• Severe unexpected bleeding in patients taking vitamin K antagonists (such as warfarin)
• Patients on anticoagulants who require emergency surgery
• Patients with Vitamin K deficiency bleeding disorders

Patient Criteria/Factors:

• Those currently taking anticoagulants with a high risk of bleeding
• Patients showing symptoms of significant blood loss or active hemorrhage

Preparation

Pre-Procedure Instructions:

• No specific patient preparation like fasting is usually required.
• Adjustments in anticoagulant medications might be necessary.
• Laboratory tests, such as PT/INR (Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio), to assess blood clotting ability.

Procedure Description

Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Obtain baseline measurements of blood clotting parameters.
2. Reconstitute Kcentra with the provided diluent.
3. Administer Kcentra via intravenous injection over a few minutes.
4. Monitor the patient closely for any immediate reactions.

Tools, Equipment, or Technology:

• Intravenous (IV) infusion equipment
• PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) for healthcare providers

Anesthesia or Sedation Details:

• No anesthesia or sedation is required for the administration of Kcentra.

Duration

The actual administration of Kcentra usually takes between 5 to 10 minutes, but patient monitoring and preparation may take longer.

Setting

This procedure is typically performed in a hospital setting, such as an emergency room or intensive care unit, due to the need for immediate medical care and close monitoring.

Personnel

Healthcare Professionals Involved:

• Emergency physicians
• Hematologists
• Nurses
• Pharmacists

Risks and Complications

Common Risks:

• Headache, nausea, vomiting
• Injection site reactions

Rare Risks:

• Blood clots (thrombosis)
• Allergic reactions
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Management of Complications:

• Monitoring the patient closely for signs of thrombosis
• Use of additional blood thinners if a thrombotic event occurs
• Supportive care for allergic reactions

Benefits

Expected Benefits:

• Rapid reversal of anticoagulation, thus reducing bleeding risks.
• Ability to proceed with emergency surgical procedures.
• Stabilization of the patient's condition.

Time to Realize Benefits:

• Benefits are usually noticeable within a few hours after administration.

Recovery

Post-Procedure Care:

• Continued monitoring of blood clotting parameters
• Possible administration of additional doses if needed
• Observation for any adverse reactions

Expected Recovery Time:

• Immediate effects with stabilization typically occurring within hours
• Follow-up appointments to assess clotting function and adjust anticoagulant therapy as required

Alternatives

Other Treatment Options:

• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
• Vitamin K administration
• Recombinant activated factor VII

Pros and Cons:

• FFP: Longer preparation and administration times, higher risk of volume overload.
• Vitamin K: Slower onset of action compared to Kcentra.
• Recombinant factor VII: Faster action, but more expensive and limited availability.

Patient Experience

During the Procedure:

• Minimal discomfort from the IV injection.

After the Procedure:

• Possible mild side effects such as headache or nausea.
• Monitoring for any signs of adverse reactions.
• Pain management is generally not necessary, as the procedure is minimally invasive.