87425 Infectious agent antigen detection by immunoassay technique, (eg, enzyme immunoassay [EIA], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], immunochemiluminometric assay [IMCA]) qualitative or semiquantitative, multiple-step method; rotavirus

Name of the Procedure:

Infectious Agent Antigen Detection by Immunoassay Technique for Rotavirus (Enzyme Immunoassay [EIA], Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA], Immunochemiluminometric Assay [IMCA])

Summary

This procedure uses immunoassay techniques to detect rotavirus antigens in a patient's sample. Methods such as EIA, ELISA, and IMCA are employed to qualitatively or semiquantitatively identify the presence of the virus.

Purpose

The procedure aims to diagnose rotavirus infections, which are a common cause of severe diarrhea, particularly in young children. Early detection can facilitate appropriate treatment and help reduce the spread of the infection.

Indications

• Persistent diarrhea, especially in infants and young children
• Symptoms of dehydration
• Recent contact with an infected individual
• Outbreak settings, such as daycare centers or schools

Preparation

• No special preparation is typically required.
• The patient may need to provide a stool sample.

Procedure Description

1. A stool sample is collected from the patient.
2. The sample is prepared and added to a test well or plate containing antibodies specific to rotavirus antigens.
3. After incubation, a secondary antibody with an attached enzyme is added.
4. Substrate is then added, which reacts with the enzyme to produce a detectable signal (color change, luminescence).
5. The signal is analyzed to determine the presence of rotavirus antigens.

Tools, Equipment, or Technology Used:

• Test wells or plates
• Specific antibodies for rotavirus
• Enzyme-linked reagents
• Detection equipment (spectrophotometer or luminometer)

Anesthesia or Sedation:

• Not applicable.

Duration

The procedure typically takes a few hours, including sample preparation, incubation, and detection steps.

Setting

• Clinical laboratory in a hospital or outpatient clinic.

Personnel

• Medical laboratory technicians or technologists
• Clinical microbiologists

Risks and Complications

• Minimal risk associated with the stool sample collection.
• False positives or negatives can occur, though rare, and may necessitate further testing.

Benefits

• Accurate and timely diagnosis of rotavirus infection.
• Helps in initiating appropriate treatment and isolation measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
• Expected benefits are realized shortly after the test results are available.

Recovery

• No recovery time is needed as this is a non-invasive diagnostic test.
• Patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions based on the test outcomes.

Alternatives

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests for rotavirus.
• Electron microscopy.
• Pros and cons of alternatives:
  • PCR: Higher sensitivity but more expensive and time-consuming.
  • Electron microscopy: Direct visualization, but requires more technical expertise and equipment.

Patient Experience

• Patients will experience minimal discomfort as only a stool sample is required.
• Sample collection is straightforward and non-invasive.
• No significant pain or discomfort associated with the procedure.