Name of the Procedure:

Oncology (ovarian), biochemical assays of five proteins (CA-125, apolipoprotein A1, beta-2 microglobulin, transferrin, and pre-albumin)

Summary

This procedure involves measuring the levels of five specific proteins in the blood using a serum sample. The results are used alongside an algorithm to generate a risk score, helping to assess the likelihood of ovarian cancer.

Purpose

The main purpose of this procedure is to aid in early detection and risk assessment of ovarian cancer. By measuring the levels of these proteins, healthcare providers can identify abnormal patterns indicative of cancer, potentially leading to earlier and more effective interventions.

Indications

• Symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, or abdominal discomfort that might suggest ovarian cancer.
• Family history of ovarian or related cancers.
• Previous abnormal findings on other ovarian screenings.
• Increased risk factors such as age, genetic predispositions, or certain medical histories.

Preparation

• Patients may be advised to fast for a few hours before the blood draw.
• Any current medications should be discussed with a doctor to determine if adjustments are needed.
• No rigorous physical activity before the test, as this might affect protein levels.

Procedure Description

1. A blood sample is drawn from the patient's arm using a syringe.
2. The blood is then processed to extract serum.
3. The serum is tested for the levels of CA-125, apolipoprotein A1, beta-2 microglobulin, transferrin, and pre-albumin.

4. A specialized algorithm analyses these protein levels to produce a risk score for ovarian cancer.

   Tools and Equipment:

   • Syringe and needle
   • Blood collection tubes
   • Laboratory equipment for processing and assay analysis

No anesthesia or sedation is required.

Duration

The blood draw takes about 10-15 minutes. Laboratory analysis typically requires several hours to a few days.

Setting

The procedure is generally performed in a healthcare setting such as a hospital lab, outpatient clinic, or specialized diagnostic center.

Personnel

• Phlebotomist or nurse (for the blood draw).
• Laboratory technicians (for processing and analyzing the serum).
• Oncologist or a specialist (for interpreting the results).

Risks and Complications

• Minor discomfort or bruising at the blood draw site.
• Rarely, infection or hematoma.

Benefits

• Early detection of ovarian cancer, potentially improving treatment outcomes.
• Provides a non-invasive method to assess cancer risk.
• Results can guide further diagnostic testing or preventive measures.

Recovery

• Minimal to no recovery time is needed.
• Patients are typically able to resume normal activities immediately.
• Follow-up appointments may be scheduled to discuss results and further steps.

Alternatives

• Imaging tests (e.g., transvaginal ultrasound).
• Genetic testing for high-risk individuals.
• Exploratory surgery, though more invasive.

Comparatively, biochemical assays provide a non-invasive and less costly alternative for initial risk assessment.

Patient Experience

Patients may feel a brief pinch during the blood draw and minor discomfort afterward. Pain management is generally unnecessary. Most patients are able to complete the procedure with minimal inconvenience and can return to their daily routine right away.