Leukocyte phagocytosis
CPT4 code
Name of the Procedure:
Leukocyte Phagocytosis (White blood cell phagocytosis)
Summary
Leukocyte phagocytosis is a natural immune process where white blood cells, called leukocytes, ingest and destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses. This process helps to protect the body from infection and supports overall immune function. In medical research and clinical practice, the functionality of this process is often measured to assess the immune system's health.
Purpose
Leukocyte phagocytosis addresses the body's need to defend against infections. It is a crucial mechanism in the immune response, helping to clear pathogens and prevent the spread of infection within the body.
Indications
- Recurrent or chronic infections
- Autoimmune diseases
- Monitoring immune function in patients with compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy
- Research applications to understand immune system behavior
Preparation
For observational studies of leukocyte phagocytosis, typically a blood sample is required. Patients may be asked to:
- Stay hydrated before the sample collection
- Avoid certain medications that can affect white blood cell function (as directed by a healthcare provider)
- Fast, if instructed, though this is typically not necessary
Procedure Description
- Blood Sample Collection: A sample of the patient's blood is drawn using a syringe.
- Sample Processing: The blood sample is taken to a laboratory where it is treated with specific reagents to isolate leukocytes.
- Phagocytosis Assay: The isolated leukocytes are exposed to a controlled number of pathogens or particles. Using specialized equipment, such as flow cytometers or microscopes, the activity of the leukocytes as they ingest and destroy the pathogens is measured.
- Analysis: Data from the assay is analyzed to determine the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes.
Duration
The blood sample collection takes about 10-15 minutes, while laboratory analysis can take several hours to a few days, depending on the complexity of the tests.
Setting
Blood sample collection is typically performed in a hospital, outpatient clinic, or laboratory setting.
Personnel
- Phlebotomist or nurse for blood sample collection
- Laboratory technicians and scientists for processing and analysis
- Healthcare providers for interpreting the results
Risks and Complications
- Mild discomfort or bruising at the blood draw site
- Rare risk of infection at the needle insertion site
- Fainting or lightheadedness during or after blood draw
Benefits
- Provides vital information on the immune system's functionality
- Helps in diagnosing and monitoring infections and immune disorders
- Can guide treatment decisions and adjustments
Recovery
- No specific recovery required from the blood draw
- Patients can resume normal activities immediately after the sample collection
- Follow-up appointments may be necessary to discuss results and implications
Alternatives
- Other tests for immune function, such as complete blood count (CBC) or specific antibody tests
- Imaging studies or biopsies for detailed analysis of infection sites
- Clinical assessment and history taking as qualitative measures
Patient Experience
- Patients will feel a brief needle prick during blood sample collection, with possible minor discomfort
- There might be slight bruising or tenderness at the site of needle insertion
- In general, the procedure is quick and minimally invasive
- Any anxiety or discomfort can be alleviated with stress-relief techniques and ensuring a supportive environment during the procedure.