Name of the Procedure:

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Summary

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is a prenatal test that involves taking a small sample of placental tissue (called chorionic villi) from the uterus for genetic testing. This tissue contains the same genetic material as the fetus and can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and certain other genetic problems.

Purpose

CVS is primarily used to diagnose genetic disorders early in pregnancy. The goal is to detect conditions such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and other inherited disorders, allowing for informed decision-making regarding the pregnancy.

Indications

CVS might be recommended if:

• There is a family history of genetic disorders.
• An earlier test indicated increased risk for certain conditions.
• You are 35 years or older, as risk for chromosomal abnormalities increases with maternal age.
• Previous pregnancies were affected by chromosomal abnormalities.

Preparation

• No special diet or fasting is typically required.
• You may need to have a full bladder for the procedure to help with ultrasound imaging.
• Discuss any medications you're taking with your healthcare provider; adjustments might be necessary.
• You might undergo an ultrasound prior to the procedure to assess the fetus's position and health.

Procedure Description

1. Ultrasound Guidance: An ultrasound will be used to locate the placenta and guide the procedure.
2. Sample Collection:
   • Transcervical Method: A thin tube is inserted through the cervix to obtain the sample.
   • Transabdominal Method: A thin needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to the placenta.
3. Tissue Removal: A small amount of chorionic villi is suctioned into the tube or needle.
4. Lab Analysis: The collected tissue is sent to a laboratory for genetic testing.

Tools and Equipment:

• Ultrasound machine.
• Sterile needle or catheter.

Anesthesia:

• Typically, local anesthesia is not used; mild discomfort is managed with over-the-counter pain relievers if needed.

Duration

The procedure usually takes about 20 to 30 minutes.

Setting

CVS is typically performed in an outpatient clinic or hospital setting.

Personnel

• An obstetrician or maternal-fetal medicine specialist.
• A nurse or ultrasound technician.

Risks and Complications

• Common Risks: Mild cramping, light bleeding.
• Rare Risks: Infection, miscarriage (risk is about 0.5-1%).

Benefits

• Early detection of serious genetic disorders.
• Provides crucial information for pregnancy management.
• Results are typically available within two weeks, offering prompt information.

Recovery

• Mild cramping or spotting can occur post-procedure.
• Rest is recommended for the day of the procedure.
• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activities for 1-2 days.
• Follow-up appointments may be scheduled to discuss results.

Alternatives

• Amniocentesis: Performed later in pregnancy and involves sampling amniotic fluid; carries similar risks but provides additional information.
• Non-invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT): A blood test that screens for specific chromosomal conditions; less risky but not diagnostic.

Patient Experience

• During the procedure, you might feel some cramping or pressure.
• Post-procedure discomfort can be managed with rest and over-the-counter pain relievers.
• Emotional support and accurate information from your healthcare team can help ease anxiety related to the procedure.