Name of the Procedure:

Abdominal Paracentesis (Diagnostic or Therapeutic); with Imaging Guidance

Summary

Abdominal paracentesis, commonly known as a "belly tap," is a procedure where fluid is removed from the abdominal cavity for testing or to relieve pressure. Imaging guidance, such as ultrasound, helps ensure accuracy and safety during the procedure.

Purpose

The procedure addresses conditions associated with fluid accumulation in the abdomen, such as cirrhosis, heart failure, or infections. The goals are to diagnose the cause of fluid buildup or to relieve symptoms related to abdominal pressure and discomfort.

Indications

• Unexplained swelling or distention of the abdomen
• Severe abdominal pain or discomfort due to fluid accumulation
• Suspected infection or peritonitis
• Diagnostic purposes, such as identifying the cause of ascites (fluid buildup)

Preparation

• The patient may need to fast for a few hours before the procedure.
• Medications may need to be adjusted, especially blood thinners.
• Blood tests, such as complete blood count (CBC) and coagulation profile, are performed to ensure it is safe to proceed.

Procedure Description

1. The patient lies down, usually on their back.
2. An ultrasound helps locate the fluid and guides the needle insertion.
3. The area of the abdomen is cleaned and sterilized.
4. Local anesthesia is administered to numb the area.
5. A needle or catheter is carefully inserted into the abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid.
6. The fluid is collected in sterile containers for laboratory analysis or disposed of if the procedure is therapeutic.
7. The needle or catheter is removed, and a bandage is applied to the insertion site.

Duration

The procedure typically takes about 30 to 60 minutes, including preparation and recovery time.

Setting

Abdominal paracentesis is performed in a hospital, outpatient clinic, or specialized surgical center.

Personnel

• Radiologist or interventional physician for imaging guidance
• Nursing staff for preparation and post-procedure care
• Occasionally, an anesthesiologist if sedation is required

Risks and Complications

• Infection at the needle insertion site
• Bleeding or hematoma formation
• Injury to internal organs (rare with imaging guidance)
• Low blood pressure due to rapid fluid removal
• Reaccumulation of fluid

Benefits

• Relief from symptoms such as pain, pressure, and difficulty breathing
• Diagnostic information that can guide further treatment
• Immediate reduction in abdominal girth and discomfort for therapeutic paracentesis

Recovery

• Patients are monitored for a short period after the procedure for immediate complications.
• Instructions typically include avoiding heavy lifting and strenuous activities for a day or two.
• Follow-up appointments may be necessary to review test results and monitor the patient's condition.

Alternatives

• Diuretic medications to reduce fluid accumulation
• Dietary changes to limit salt and fluid intake
• Surgical options for severe or recurrent cases
• Each alternative comes with its own set of benefits and drawbacks, such as slower results with medications or more invasive nature with surgery.

Patient Experience

• Patients may feel pressure or a mild sting during the local anesthesia injection.
• Some discomfort might be felt when the needle is inserted but generally, the procedure is well-tolerated.
• Post-procedure soreness or bruising at the insertion site is common.
• Pain management includes over-the-counter pain relievers and comfort measures like applying ice packs.