Name of the Procedure:

Red blood cell antigen typing, DNA (Human Erythrocyte Antigen Gene Analysis of 35 Antigens from 11 Blood Groups, utilizing whole blood). Commonly referred to as RBC Antigen Typing or DNA-based Red Blood Cell Genotyping.

Summary

This procedure involves analyzing a person's DNA to determine the specific types of antigens present on their red blood cells. These antigens are proteins that play a crucial role in blood transfusions and organ transplantation. The test identifies 35 antigens across 11 different blood groups by using a small blood sample.

Purpose

The main aim of this procedure is to accurately match blood types for transfusions, ensuring compatibility and reducing the risk of adverse reactions. It also helps in identifying rare blood types, aiding in the management of certain medical conditions that require precise blood typing.

Indications

• Patients requiring frequent blood transfusions, such as those with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.
• Individuals with a history of transfusion reactions.
• Candidates for organ transplantation.
• Pregnant women to prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN).

Preparation

• No specific dietary or fasting requirements.
• Inform your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are taking.
• Prior blood tests or a review of medical history may be conducted.

Procedure Description

1. A small blood sample is collected from the patient.
2. The sample is sent to a laboratory where DNA is extracted from the red blood cells.
3. Advanced molecular techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, are used to analyze the genetic markers corresponding to 35 antigens from 11 blood groups.
4. The results are compiled into a detailed report that indicates the presence or absence of specific antigens and common RBC alleles.

Duration

The blood sample collection takes approximately 10-15 minutes. The DNA analysis process can take several days to a few weeks, depending on the lab's workflow and processes.

Setting

The blood sample is typically collected in a hospital, outpatient clinic, or laboratory setting. The DNA analysis is performed in a specialized laboratory equipped for molecular genetic testing.

Personnel

• Phlebotomist or a nurse for blood sample collection.
• Lab technicians and molecular geneticists for the DNA analysis.

Risks and Complications

• Minimal risks associated with standard blood draw, such as slight bruising, bleeding, or infection at the puncture site.
• Rarely, dizziness or fainting can occur during blood draw.

Benefits

• Improved accuracy in blood typing, reducing the risk of transfusion reactions.
• Identification of rare blood types essential for managing patients with complex transfusion needs.
• Enhanced compatibility for organ transplantation and better outcomes in pregnancy management.

Recovery

• No significant recovery time is required.
• Patients can resume normal activities immediately after the blood draw.
• Follow-up appointments may be scheduled to discuss the findings and subsequent steps.

Alternatives

• Traditional serological blood typing: Less accurate, limited to common antigens, and may not identify rare blood types.
• Phenotyping: Another method that looks at the physical characteristics of blood but is less comprehensive and accurate compared to genetic typing.

Patient Experience

• During the blood draw, patients may feel a brief sting or pinch at the needle site.
• Post-procedure, there may be slight soreness or bruising at the puncture site.
• Most patients experience no significant discomfort and can return to their daily routines immediately. Any pain or discomfort can be managed with over-the-counter pain relief if necessary.