Neonatal Sepsis Management (PDF) Form

Through the increased incidence of intra-partum antibiotics, early-onset neonatal sepsis is occurring less frequently. However, it continues to be a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.5 The American Academy of Pediatrics defines Group B Streptococcus (GBS) early- onset disease as a blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture-proven infection occurring within the first seven days of life.8 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains the leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis and a major cause of late-onset sepsis.8 More than half of GBS cases occur in infants of individuals with negative GBS cultures, emphasizing the need to remain vigilant for signs of sepsis in all newborns. These infants require comprehensive assessment and treatment, as well as discharge planning, in order to ensure timely treatment in an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality.2,5 Policy/Criteria
I. It is the policy of Health Plans affiliated with Centene Corporation® that the management of neonatal sepsis is medically necessary at the indicated level of care for the following circumstances: A. Episode Day 1

1. Well-appearing infants who are on 48 hours of antibiotics pending blood culture results are appropriate for level II (rev code 172) nursery.
2. Symptomatic infants are appropriate for level III (rev code 173) nursery with all the following: a. Hypotonia, lethargy, or poor oral feeding; b. Temp ≥ 100.4◦F or ≤ 96.8◦F (≥ 38.0◦ or ≤ 36.0◦C); c. On 48 hours of antibiotics pending blood culture results or treatment of positive blood cultures.
   B. Episode Day 2 and Subsequent Days
3. Infants with negative cultures who are determined to require antibiotics beyond 48 hours may be appropriate for transitional care or level I nursery (rev code 171) once antibiotics are the only intervention necessitating continued stay and if outpatient antibiotics are inappropriate or unmanageable.
4. Symptomatic infants are appropriate for level III (rev code 173) nursery when meeting all the following criteria: a. Hypotonia, lethargy, or poor oral feeding; b. Temp ≥ 100.4◦F or ≤ 96.8◦F (≥ 38.0◦ or ≤ 36.0◦C);
   c. On 48 hours of antibiotics pending blood culture results or treatment of positive blood cultures.

5. Asymptomatic infants on 48 hours of antibiotics pending blood culture results for ≤ two days are appropriate for Level II (rev code 172) nursery. Page 1 of 7

   CLINICAL POLICY Neonatal Sepsis Management

6. Asymptomatic infants with a positive blood culture and no other indications are appropriate for transitional care. Once the culture and sensitivity results are known and antibiotic therapy is established, a medically stable infant should be transitioned to a lower level of care for treatment completion if no other indications exist that require the current level of care. It is difficult to administer intravenous antibiotics in the home with home health care due to the challenge of keeping very small catheters in place and patent. Transitional care nursery should be considered if antibiotics cannot safely be administered at home or at home with home health care. II. Discharge criteria, with or without home antibiotics, meets all of the following as applicable: A. Member/enrollee is clinically stable; B. Home situation is assessed and deemed adequate; C. Parent or caretaker is agreeable with the plan of care; D. If going home with antibiotics, all the following are met:
7. A home infusion company is contracted which is experienced in neonatal IV (intravenous) therapy or short-term intramuscular therapy;

8. Secure IV access is in place if chosen;

   3. The responsible physician (e.g., neonatologist, primary care pediatrician) and back-up health care facility (neonatal intensive care unit [NICU], community hospital) should be clarified to the family and home care agency prior to discharge; E. Follow-up planned with provider within 48 hours of discharge.
      Background
      I. Identification and treatment of birthing individual during pregnancy and labor6 A. Birthing individuals with Group B streptococcus (GBS) isolated in the urine any time during the current pregnancy or who had a previous infant with invasive GBS disease should receive IV intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Third trimester screening for GBS colonization is not needed in this population. B. Birthing individuals with symptomatic or asymptomatic GBS urinary tract infection (UTI) detected during pregnancy should be treated according to current standards of care for UTI during pregnancy and should receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent early-onset GBS disease. C. All other pregnant individuals, including those with a scheduled cesarean delivery, should be screened at 36 0/7 through 37 6/7 weeks gestation for vaginal and rectal GBS colonization. D. At the time of labor or rupture of membranes, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis should be given to all pregnant individuals whose vaginal-rectal cultures were positive for GBS colonization, including those undergoing cesarean delivery. If cesarean delivery is performed before onset of labor on a birthing individual with intact amniotic membranes, prophylaxis need not be given. E. When screening results are not available at the time of labor and delivery, intrapartum antibiotics should be given to birthing individuals who present in labor with a substantial risk of preterm birth, who have preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes (PPROM), Page 2 of 7

   CLINICAL POLICY Neonatal Sepsis Management rupture of membranes ≥ 18 hours at term, or who present with intrapartum temperature ≥ 100.4º F (≥ 38.0ºC). If none of the above risks are present but there is a history of GBS colonization in a previous pregnancy, it is reasonable to offer intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and/or discuss it as an option in a shared decision-making process with the provider. F. If intraamniotic infection is suspected, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy that provides coverage for polymicrobial infections as well as GBS should replace the antibiotic that provides coverage for GBS prophylaxis specifically. G. In the absence of GBS UTI that is symptomatic, or with GBS present at levels ≤ 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, antimicrobial agents should not be used before the intrapartum period to eradicate GBS genitorectal colonization because such treatment has not been shown to provide better outcomes to the birthing individual or neonate. H. Obstetric interventions, when necessary, should not be delayed solely to provide four hours of antibiotic administration before birth. II. Identification and Treatment of the newborn A. Infants born at ≥ 35 weeks’ gestation should be managed according to risk, as determined by categorical risk assessment, multivariate risk assessment (the Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator https://neonatalsepsiscalculator.kaiserpermanente.org/), or clinical condition.8 B. Preterm infants born at ≤34 weeks’ are at highest risk for early-onset sepsis (EOS) in the following circumstances: Infants born preterm because of cervical insufficiency, preterm labor, PROM, intraamniotic infection, and/or acute and otherwise unexplained onset of nonreassuring fetal status are at the highest risk of EOS and GBS early-onset disease (EOD). A blood culture and initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment is recommended for infants with any of these risk factors.8 C. Preterm infants born at ≤34 weeks are at lower risk for EOS when meeting all of the following: (1) maternal and/or fetal indications for preterm birth (such as maternal preeclampsia or other noninfectious medical illness, placental insufficiency, or fetal growth restriction), (2) birth by cesarean delivery, and (3) absence of labor, no attempts to induce labor, and no rupture of membranes (ROM) before delivery. D. For lower risk preterm infants, initial approaches include (1) no laboratory evaluation and no empirical antibiotic therapy or (2) blood culture and clinical monitoring. For infants who do not improve after initial stabilization and/or those who have severe systemic instability, the administration of empirical antibiotics may be reasonable but is not mandatory.8 E. Physicians should use their best judgment to determine when cerebrospinal fluid analysis should be performed in the absence of bacteremia, as culture-confirmed meningitis in the absence of culture-confirmed bacteremia is approximately one to two cases per 100,000 live births.8 However, the rate of meningitis is higher in preterm infants, and a lumbar puncture for culture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be considered in clinically ill infants when there is a high suspicion for GBS EOD, unless the procedure will compromise the neonate’s clinical condition.8 F. Therapy for a term infant at risk of EOS should include antimicrobial agents active against GBS (including IV ampicillin and gentamicin), as well as other organisms that might cause neonatal sepsis, such as E. coli, et al. 7 Page 3 of 7

   CLINICAL POLICY Neonatal Sepsis Management G. Early-onset GBS infection is diagnosed by blood or CSF culture. Common laboratory tests such as the complete blood cell count and C-reactive protein do not perform well in predicting early-onset infection, particularly among well-appearing infants at lowest baseline risk of infection.8 Procalcitonin has also been suggested as a biomarker for determining the risk of early-onset sepsis. However, it is not definitive in ruling in or ruling out an infection in neonates. III. General Considerations A. Stable infants at 35 weeks gestational age or older who are treated for sepsis should be discharged the same day the antibiotics are discontinued. B. For ruling out sepsis due to perinatal risk factors, 36 to 48 hours of antibiotic administration is considered appropriate pending culture results and evaluation of lab data. C. When blood cultures are sterile, antibiotic therapy should be discontinued by 36 to 48 hours of incubation unless there is clear evidence of site-specific infection.7 Reviews, Revisions, and Approvals Policy developed; Neonatologist reviewed References reviewed and updated. Policy reviewed by neonatologist and pediatrician. Edits to background information regarding identification and treatment of the mother, and identification and treatment of the newborn, per new ACOG and AAP guidelines. Edits to background information regarding identification and treatment of the newborn per new AAP guidelines. Under section III. Discharge criteria, added E. Follow-up planned with provider within 48 hours of discharge. In background section I.G., changed ≥ 105 CFU to ≤105 CFU. References reviewed and updated. Annual Review. Removed “or level 1 nursery (rev code 171),” from II.D: “Asymptomatic infants with a positive blood culture and no other indications are appropriate for transitional care or level 1 nursery (rev code 171).” Added sentence to note under criteria point II.D. to say, “It is difficult to administer intravenous antibiotics in the home with home health care due to the challenge of keeping very small catheters in place and patent.” Clarified III.D.3. that neonatologist, primary care pediatrician are examples of the responsible physician. References reviewed and updated. Replaced all instances of “member” with “member/enrollee”. Changed “review date” in the header to “date of last revision” and “date” in the revision log header to “revision date." Sent for specialist review. Annual review. updated. Background updated: Minor rewording for clarity in II.C; added verbiage about procalcitonin in II.G; in III.B, changed 48 hours to 36 to 48 hours. References reviewed and updated. Reviewed by specialist. Revision Date 08/13 07/18 05/19 07/19 Approval Date 08/13 07/18 07/19 10/19 06/20 07/20 07/21 07/21 07/22 07/22 Page 4 of 7

   CLINICAL POLICY Neonatal Sepsis Management Reviews, Revisions, and Approvals Annual review completed. and background updated. Minor rewording with no clinical significance. References reviewed and updated. Revision Date 02/23 Approval Date 02/23