T18.2 Foreign body in stomach

Name of the Condition

• Common name(s): Foreign Body in Stomach
• Technical/medical term: Foreign body in stomach

Summary

This condition involves the presence of an object not naturally part of the body within the stomach. Such incidents can result from accidental ingestion or insertion of foreign materials and may lead to obstruction, injury, or infection. The stomach’s role in digestion means foreign bodies here can affect gastric function or progress to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes

Foreign bodies in the stomach typically result from accidental ingestion of objects, such as food items, coins, or small toys. Intentional swallowing of non-food items may also occur, particularly in individuals with certain behavioral or developmental conditions. Trauma or medical procedures can sometimes introduce foreign material into the stomach.

Risk Factors

• Young children due to oral exploration and accidental ingestion.
• Individuals with swallowing disorders (dysphagia) or impaired gag reflexes.
• Elderly patients with reduced swallowing efficiency or cognitive impairments.
• Those with a history of pica or other eating disorders involving non-food items.

Symptoms

• Abdominal pain or discomfort.
• Nausea, vomiting, or difficulty swallowing.
• Obstruction signs, such as inability to pass stool or gas.
• Rectal bleeding or pain if the object migrates.
• Loss of appetite or early satiety.

Diagnosis

Physical examination to assess abdominal tenderness or distension. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be used to locate non-visible foreign bodies. Endoscopy is often employed to directly visualize and confirm the presence of the object.

Treatment Options

• Observation for small, non-harmful objects that may pass naturally.
• Endoscopic removal for accessible foreign bodies.
• Surgical intervention for large, sharp, or obstructive objects.
• Medications to manage symptoms like nausea or prevent infection.

Prognosis and Follow-Up

Prognosis is generally favorable with timely removal of the foreign body. Follow-up may involve monitoring for complications, such as perforation or infection, and ensuring the object has been fully expelled or removed. Repeat imaging or endoscopy may be necessary if symptoms persist.

Complications

• Gastric perforation or bleeding.
• Obstruction of the stomach or intestines.
• Infection, including peritonitis.
• Aspiration into the lungs if vomiting occurs.

Lifestyle & Prevention

• Supervise young children to prevent accidental ingestion of small objects.
• Avoid eating or playing with non-food items.
• Use safe eating practices, such as chewing thoroughly and avoiding distractions while eating.
• Store small objects out of reach of children.

When to Seek Professional Help

Seek immediate medical attention if experiencing severe abdominal pain, vomiting, difficulty breathing, or signs of obstruction. Prompt evaluation is critical to prevent complications like perforation or infection.

Tips for Medical Coders

Document the type of foreign body (if known), method of ingestion or insertion, and any associated complications. Ensure the record supports the need for intervention, such as endoscopic or surgical removal, to justify the code assignment. Note any imaging or procedural details that confirm the diagnosis.