Name of the Procedure:

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test; Total PSA Test

Summary

The Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test measures the level of PSA in a man's blood. PSA is a protein produced by both cancerous and non-cancerous tissue in the prostate, a small gland that sits below a man's bladder.

Purpose

This test helps in the early detection of prostate cancer and other prostate abnormalities. The goal is to determine if the PSA levels are elevated, which may indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis).

Indications

• Difficulty urinating
• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Painful urination or ejaculation
• Blood in urine or semen
• Elevated risk factors for prostate cancer such as age, family history, and ethnicity

Preparation

• Avoid ejaculation for 24-48 hours prior to the test.
• Inform your physician about any medications being taken, as some medications can affect PSA levels.
• No special diet or fasting is required.

Procedure Description

1. A healthcare provider draws a blood sample, usually from the patient's arm.
2. The blood sample is sent to a laboratory to measure the PSA level.
3. Results are typically available within a few days.

Duration

The blood draw itself takes about 5-10 minutes.

Setting

The procedure is typically performed in a hospital, outpatient clinic, or diagnostic lab.

Personnel

• Phlebotomist or Nurse (for the blood draw)
• Lab technician (for the analysis of the blood sample)
• Primary care physician or urologist (for interpreting results)

Risks and Complications

• Minor bruising or discomfort at the puncture site
• Fainting or dizziness (rare)
• Anxiety or stress related to awaiting results

Benefits

• Early detection of prostate cancer or other prostate issues, which can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
• Non-invasive procedure with minimal discomfort.

Recovery

• No significant recovery time is required.
• Patients can resume normal activities immediately after the blood draw.
• Follow-up appointments depend on the PSA results and medical advice.

Alternatives

• Digital rectal exam (DRE)
  • Pros: Physical examination can detect abnormalities that PSA tests might miss.
  • Cons: Physical discomfort, less specific than PSA test.
• MRI or ultrasound of the prostate
  • Pros: Detailed imaging can provide more specific information.
  • Cons: More expensive and time-consuming.

Patient Experience

• Mild discomfort may be felt during the blood draw.
• Patients can expect little to no pain post-procedure.
• Any anxiety related to the test can be discussed with healthcare providers, who may offer support or counseling.