Name of the Procedure:

KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) Gene Analysis; Additional Variant(s) (e.g., Codon 61, Codon 146)

Summary

KRAS gene analysis is a test conducted to detect mutations in the KRAS gene, commonly associated with various cancers, particularly carcinoma. This analysis focuses on identifying mutations in additional codons such as codon 61 and codon 146, which can influence cancer progression and treatment options.

Purpose

This procedure aims to identify specific mutations within the KRAS gene known to impact the behavior of certain cancers, including carcinoma. Detecting these mutations helps tailor treatment strategies, predict disease progression, and potentially improve patient outcomes.

Indications

• Presence of carcinoma or suspicion of cancer.
• Need for personalized cancer treatment planning.
• Previous cancer treatments have been ineffective, warranting further genetic analysis.

Preparation

• No special dietary restrictions or fasting required.
• Inform the healthcare provider about all medications and supplements being taken.
• A routine blood sample or tumor biopsy may be required.

Procedure Description

1. Sample Collection: A blood sample or biopsy tissue is collected.
2. DNA Extraction: DNA is extracted from the collected sample.
3. PCR Amplification: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific regions of the KRAS gene.
4. Sequencing: The amplified DNA is sequenced to detect mutations in codons 61 and 146.
5. Analysis: A geneticist analyzes the sequence data to identify any mutations.

Tools:

• PCR machine
• DNA sequencer
• Bioinformatics software

Anesthesia or Sedation: Not typically required unless a biopsy involves a surgical procedure.

Duration

The analysis process, from sample collection to result interpretation, typically takes 1-2 weeks.

Setting

Performed in a specialized laboratory or pathology department of a hospital or clinic.

Personnel

• Pathologist or geneticist
• Lab technician
• Oncologist for result interpretation and treatment planning

Risks and Complications

• Common: Minimal risk associated with blood draw or biopsy, including bruising or infection at the site.
• Rare: Possible but rare errors in sample handling or analysis.

Benefits

• Provides crucial information for personalized cancer treatment.
• Can guide more effective therapy choices and management strategies.
• Expected benefits typically realized shortly after the analysis is completed and results are reviewed.

Recovery

• Post-blood draw or biopsy: Site care includes keeping it clean and monitoring for signs of infection.
• Most patients can resume normal activities immediately.

Alternatives

• Other gene analysis tests (e.g., NRAS, BRAF).
• Broader genomic profiling for comprehensive cancer mutation analysis.
• Pros of KRAS analysis: Targeted approach with specific actionable insights.
• Cons of alternatives: May provide more general information.

Patient Experience

• Minimal discomfort during sample collection.
• No significant pain associated with the procedure.
• Follow-up consultations to discuss results and subsequent treatment plans can help optimize patient comfort and understanding.