CMS Vitamin D Assay Testing Form

Summary Of Evidence

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Analysis of Evidence

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Vitamin D is called a "vitamin" because of its exogenous source, predominately from oily fish in the form of vitamin D ₂ and vitamin D ₃. It is more accurate to consider fat-soluble Vitamin D as a steroid hormone, synthesized by the skin and metabolized by the kidney to an active hormone, calcitriol. Clinical disorders related to vitamin D may arise because of altered availability of the parent vitamin D, altered conversion of vitamin D to its predominant metabolites, altered organ responsiveness to dihydroxylated metabolites and disturbances in the interactions of the vitamin D metabolites with PTH and calcitonin. Normal levels of Vitamin D range from 20 – 50 ng/ml. This LCD identifies the indications and limitations of Medicare coverage and reimbursement for the lab assay.

Indications:

Measurement of 25-OH Vitamin D level is indicated for patients with:

• chronic kidney disease stage III or greater

• cirrhosis

• hypocalcemia

• hypercalcemia

• hypercalciuria

• hypervitaminosis D

• parathyroid disorders

• malabsorption states

• obstructive jaundice

• osteomalacia

• osteoporosis if
i. T score on DEXA scan <-2.5 or
ii. History of fragility fractures or
iii. FRAX > 3% 10-year probability of hip fracture or 20% 10-year probability of other major osteoporotic fracture or 
iv. FRAX > 3% (any fracture) with T-score <-1.5 or
v. Initiating bisphosphanate therapy (Vitamin D level should be determined and managed as necessary

before bisphosphonate is initiated)

• osteosclerosis/petrosis
• rickets
• vitamin D deficiency on replacement therapy related to a condition listed above; to monitor the efficacy of treatment.

Measurement of 1, 25-OH Vitamin D level is indicated for patients with:

• unexplained hypercalcemia (suspected granulomatous disease or lymphoma)

• unexplained hypercalciuria (suspected granulomatous disease or lymphoma)

• suspected genetic childhood rickets

• suspected tumor-induced osteomalacia

• nephrolithiasis or hypercalciuria

Limitations:

Testing may not be used for routine or other screening.

Both assays of vitamin D need not be performed for each of the above conditions. Often, one type is more appropriate for a certain disease state than another. The most common type of vitamin D deficiency is 25-OH vitamin D. A much smaller percentage of 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D deficiency exists; mostly, in those with renal disease. Although it is not the active form of the hormone, 25-OH vitamin D is much more commonly measured because it better reflects the sum total of vitamin D produced endogenously and absorbed from the diet than does the level of the active hormone 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Deficiency of 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D, which is present at much lower concentrations, does not necessarily reflect deficiency of 25-OH vitamin D and its measurement should be limited to the indications listed. Documentation must justify the test(s) chosen for a particular disease entity. Various component sources of 25-OH vitamin D, such as stored D or diet-derived D, should not be billed separately.

Once a beneficiary has been shown to be vitamin D deficient, further testing may be medically necessary only to ensure adequate replacement has been accomplished. If Vitamin D level is between 20 and 50 ng/ml and patient is clinically stable, repeat testing is often unnecessary; if performed, documentation most clearly indicate the necessity of the test. If level <20 ng/ml or > 60 ng/ml, a subsequent level(s) may be reimbursed until the level is within the normal range.