Summary Of Evidence

N/A

Analysis of Evidence

N/A

Abstract:

Botulinum toxins are potent neuromuscular blocking agents that are useful in treating various focal muscle spastic disorders and excessive muscle contractions, such as dystonias, spasms, and twitches. They produce a presynaptic neuromuscular blockade by preventing the release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings. Since the resulting chemical denervation of muscle produces local paresis or paralysis, selected muscles can be treated. The clinical indications for botulinum toxins have increased exponentially since first used two decades ago. They are used in the treatment of overactive skeletal muscles (e.g. hemifacial spasm, dystonia, spasticity), smooth muscles (e.g. detrusor overactivity and achalasia), glands (e.g. sialorrhoea and hyperhidrosis) and additional conditions that are being investigated.

There are currently four botulinum toxin products commercially available in the United States: Botox® (onabotulinumtoxinA), Myobloc® (rimabotulinumtoxinB), Dysport™ (abobotulinumtoxinA), and Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA). Each preparation has distinct pharmacological and clinical profiles specified on the product insert. Dosing patterns are also specific to the preparation of neurotoxin and are very different between different serotypes. Failure to recognize the unique characteristics of each formulation of botulinum toxin can lead to undesired patient outcomes. It is expected that physicians will be familiar with and experienced in the use of these agents, and utilize evidence-based medicine to select the appropriate drug and dose regimen for each patient condition. Physicians may decide which agent to use in beneficiary care except as noted below. Although botulinum toxins have only been FDA-approved for limited uses, they are frequently used off-label as well. A patient who is not responsive or who ceases to respond to one serotype may respond to the other.

This local coverage determination provides CGS’ indications and limitations of coverage for these pharmaceutical products.

Indications:

Spasticity

Botulinum toxin can be used to reduce spasticity or excessive muscular contractions, to relieve pain, to assist with posture and walking, to improve range of motion, to enhance the effectiveness of physical therapy, and to reduce severe spasm to allow better perineal hygiene.

Organic writer’s cramp is uncommon, and so botulinum toxin for the treatment of organic writer’s cramp should be infrequent.

Botulinum toxin is indicated for disorders associated with spastic conditions and dystonia. The wide range of botulinum toxin dosages used in a treatment session is determined by patient age, degree of spasticity, number of injections made into each muscle and number of muscles treated.

Electromyography or muscle stimulation, rather than site pain or tenderness, to determine injection site(s) for botulinum toxin may be necessary, especially for spastic conditions of the face, neck, and hand.

Blepharospasm

Botulinum toxin injection therapy is accepted first line treatment for patients with blepharospasm and/or hemifacial spasm. If the upper and lower lid of the same eye and/or adjacent facial muscles, or brow are injected at the same surgery, the procedure is considered to be unilateral. Bilateral procedures will only be considered when both eyes or both sides of the face are injected.

Achalasia

Botulinum toxin for achalasia may be considered for the patient who has not responded satisfactorily to conventional therapy; is at high risk of complication from pneumatic dilation or surgical myotomy; has had treatment failure with pneumatic dilation or surgical myotomy; had perforation from pneumatic dilation; has an epiphrenic diverticulum or hiatal hernia; or has esophageal varices.

Anal Fissure

Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure may be considered for the patient who has not responded satisfactorily to conventional therapy.

Hyperhidrosis

OnabotulinumtoxinA has been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis (primary focal hyperhidrosis) that is inadequately managed with topical therapy. Compendia list onabotulinumtoxinA and rimabotulinumtoxinB as acceptable off-label agents for this condition. The definition of primary focal hyperhidrosis is severe sweating, beyond physiological needs; focal, visible, severe sweating of at least six (6) months duration without apparent cause with at least two (2) of the following characteristics: bilateral and relatively symmetric, significant impairment in daily activities, age of onset less than 25 years, positive family history, and cessation of focal sweating during sleep.

Sialorrhea

The treatment of sialorrhea due to conditions such as motor neuron disease or Parkinson's disease in those patients who have failed to respond to a reasonable trial of traditional therapies (eg., anticholinergics and speech therapy) or who have a contraindication to or cannot tolerate anticholinergic therapy, will be allowed for coverage.

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) commonly occurs in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI) or neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with NDO usually use clean intermittent self-catheterization (CIC) to empty the bladder. When incontinence episodes occur between catheterizations, oral anticholinergic agents are used to decrease bladder contractility and improve incontinence.

Headache/Migraine

Coverage will only be allowed for those patients chronic daily headaches (headache disorders occurring greater than 15 days a month - in many cases daily with a duration of four or more hours - for a period of at least 3 months) who have significant disability due to the headaches, and have been refractory to standard and usual conventional therapy. The etiology of the chronic daily headache may be chronic tension-type headache or chronic migraine (CM). CM is characterized by headache on > 15 days per month, of which at least 8 headache days per month meet criteria for migraine without aura or respond to migraine-specific treatment. For continuing Botulism toxin therapy the patients must demonstrate a significant decrease in the number and frequency of headaches and an improvement in function upon receiving Botulinum toxin.

Limitations:

Medicare will allow payment for one injection per site regardless of the number of injections made into the site. A site is defined as one eye (including all muscles surrounding the eye including both upper and lower lids); one side of the face; or all muscles of one limb and their associated girdle muscles.

Failure of two definitive, consecutive, treatment sessions involving a muscle or group of muscles could preclude further coverage of the serotype used in the treatment for a period of one year after the second session. It may be reasonable, however, to attempt treatment with a different serotype.

Treatment of wrinkles using Botulinum toxins is considered to be cosmetic, and is not covered under Medicare.

Payment will not be made for any spastic condition of smooth muscle, such as spastic colon and biliary dyskinesia.

The cost of special syringes is not separately payable. They are considered part of the surgical procedure.

When the Botulinum Toxins drug is denied, the related injection code(s) will also be subject to denial.