Cigna Physical Therapy - (CPG135) Form

Cigna / ASH Medical Coverage Policies are intended to provide guidance in interpreting certain standard benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Please note, the terms of a customer’s particular benefit plan document may differ significantly from the standard benefit plans upon which these Cigna / ASH Medical Coverage Policies are based. In the event of a conflict, a customer’s benefit plan document always supersedes the information in the Cigna / ASH Medical Coverage Policy. In the absence of a controlling federal or state coverage mandate, benefits are ultimately determined by the terms of the applicable benefit plan document. Determinations in each specific instance may require consideration of: 1) the terms of the applicable benefit plan document in effect on the date of service 2) any applicable laws/regulations 3) any relevant collateral source materials including Cigna-ASH Medical Coverage Policies and 4) the specific facts of the particular situation Where coverage for care or services does not depend on specific circumstances, reimbursement will only be provided if a requested service(s) is submitted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and criteria outlined in this policy, including covered diagnosis and/or procedure code(s) outlined in the Coding Information section of this policy. Reimbursement is not allowed for services when billed for conditions or diagnoses that are not covered under this policy. When billing, providers must use the most appropriate codes as of the effective date of the submission. Claims submitted for services that are not accompanied by covered code(s) under this policy will be denied as not covered. Cigna / ASH Medical Coverage Policies relate exclusively to the administration of health benefit plans. Cigna / ASH Medical Coverage Policies are not recommendations for treatment and should never be used as treatment guidelines. Some information in these Coverage Policies may not apply to all benefit plans administered by Cigna. Certain Cigna Companies and/or lines of business only provide utilization review services to clients and do not make benefit determinations. References to standard benefit plan language and benefit determinations do not apply to those clients. Under many benefit plans, coverage for outpatient physical therapy programs and physical therapy provided in the home is subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of the applicable benefit plan’s Short-Term Rehabilitative Therapy benefit and schedule of copayments. Under many plans, coverage of inpatient physical therapy is subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of the Other Participating Health Care Facility/Other Health Care Facility benefit as described in the applicable plan’s schedule of copayments. Outpatient physical therapy is the most medically appropriate setting for these services unless the individual independently meets coverage criteria for a different level of care. An outpatient physical therapy treatment visit is limited to a maximum of 4 timed codes (equivalent to one hour) for each date of service. Physical Therapy (CPG 135) If covered, massage therapy is generally subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of the Short- Term Rehabilitation Therapy or Chiropractic Care Services benefits as described in the applicable plan’s schedule of copayments. Many benefit plans include a maximum allowable benefit for duration of treatment or number of visits. Please refer to the applicable benefit plan document to determine benefit availability and the terms and conditions of coverage. Coverage for physical therapy varies across plans. Refer to the customer’s benefit plan document for coverage details. If coverage is available for physical therapy, the following conditions of coverage apply. GUIDELINES Rehabilitative Physical Therapy Services Medically Necessary I. A physical therapy evaluation is considered medically necessary for the assessment of a physical impairment. II. Physical therapy services are considered medically necessary to improve, adapt or restore functions which have been impaired or permanently lost and/or to reduce pain as a result of illness, injury, loss of a body part, or congenital abnormality when ALL the following criteria are met: The individual’s condition has the potential to improve or is improving in response to therapy, maximum improvement is yet to be attained; and there is an expectation that the anticipated improvement is attainable in a reasonable and generally predictable period of time. The program is individualized, and there is documentation outlining quantifiable, attainable treatment goals. Improvement is evidenced by successive objective measurements. • The services are delivered by a qualified provider of physical therapy services (i.e., appropriately trained and licensed by the state to perform physical therapy services). • Physical therapy occurs when the judgment, knowledge, and skills of a qualified provider of physical therapy services (as defined by the scope of practice for therapists in each state) are necessary to safely and effectively furnish a recognized therapy service due to the complexity and sophistication of the plan of care and the medical condition of the individual, with the goal of improvement of an impairment or functional limitation. Not Covered or Reimbursable I. PT services are not covered or reimbursable if any of the following is determined: The individual’s condition does not have the potential to improve or is not improving in response to therapy; or would be insignificant relative to the extent and duration of therapy required; and there is an expectation that further improvement is NOT attainable. The individual’s condition is strictly of a behavioral nature without any associated motor involvement that impacts functional activities (e.g., ADHD, anxiety). Improvement or restoration of function could reasonably be expected as the individual gradually resumes normal activities without the provision of skilled therapy services. For example:  An individual suffers a transient and easily reversible loss or reduction in function which could reasonably be expected to improve spontaneously as the patient gradually resumes normal activities;  A fully functional individual who develops temporary weakness from a brief period of bed rest following abdominal surgery. Physical Therapy (CPG 135) Therapy services that do not require the skills of a qualified provider of PT services. Examples include but not limited to:  Activities for the general good and welfare of patients  General exercises (basic aerobic, strength, flexibility or aquatic programs) to promote overall fitness/conditioning  Services/programs for the primary purpose of enhancing or returning to athletic or recreational sports.  Massages and whirlpools for relaxation  General public education/instruction sessions  Repetitive gait or other activities and services that an individual can practice independently and can be self-administered safely and effectively.  Activities that require only routine supervision and NOT the skilled services of a physical therapy provider  When a home exercise program is sufficient and can be utilized to continue therapy (examples of exceptions include but would not be limited to the following: if patient has poor exercise technique that requires cueing and feedback, lack of support at home if necessary for exercise program completion, and/or cognitive impairment that doesn’t allow the patient to complete the exercise program) Documentation fails to objectively verify subjective, objective and functional progress over a reasonable and predictable period of time. The physical modalities are not preparatory to other skilled treatment procedures. • Treatments are not supported in peer-reviewed literature. II. The following treatments are not covered or reimbursable because they are nonmedical, educational or training in nature or related to academic or work performance. In addition, these treatments/programs are specifically excluded under many benefit plans: back school • vocational rehabilitation programs and any program with the primary goal of returning an individual to work work hardening programs • education and achievement testing, including Intelligence Quotient (IQ) testing • educational interventions (e.g., classroom environmental manipulation, academic skills training and parental training) services provided within the school setting and duplicated in the rehabilitation setting III. Physical therapy services for executive functioning is not covered or reimbursable as it does not address an underlying medical condition affecting motor deficits. • Executive functioning involves learning and cognitive skills which can be addressed with instruction and practice in a life skills or educational program  examples of executive functioning includes deficits in the following areas, but not limited to: sustaining and shifting attention, focusing, planning, organizing, sequencing, managing frustration, modulating emotions that are affecting life skills and daily activities IV. Duplicative or redundant services expected to achieve the same therapeutic goal are not covered or reimbursable. For example: Multiple modalities procedures that have similar or overlapping physiologic effects (e.g., multiple forms of superficial or deep heating modalities) Same or similar rehabilitative services provided as part of an authorized therapy program through another therapy discipline.  When individuals receive physical, occupational, or speech therapy, the therapists Physical Therapy (CPG 135) should provide different treatments that reflect each therapy discipline's unique perspective on the individual's impairments and functional deficits and not duplicate the same treatment. They must also have separate evaluations, treatment plans, and goals. When individuals receive manual therapy services from a physical therapist and chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, the services must be documented as separate and distinct, performed on different body parts, and must be justified and non- duplicative. Not Covered or Reimbursable I. The following physical therapy modalities/services have been deemed to provide minimal to no clinical value independently or within a comprehensive treatment for any condition and/or not considered the current standard of care within a treatment program and are not covered or reimbursable: • Vasopneumatic device • The treatment visit extends beyond 4 timed unit services per date of service per provider (equivalent to one hour). Infrared light therapy Habilitative Physical Therapy Services Habilitative services may or may not be covered services. When the benefit is available for habilitative services, the following applies: Medically Necessary I. Habilitative PT services are considered medically necessary when ALL the following criteria are met: The therapy is intended to keep, learn, or improve skills and functioning for daily living which have not (but normally would have) developed or which are at risk of being lost as a result of illness (including developmental delay), injury, loss of a body part, or congenital abnormality. Examples include therapy for a child who isn't walking or talking at the expected age. The physical therapy services are evidence-based and require the judgment, knowledge, and skills of a qualified provider of physical therapy services due to the complexity and sophistication of the plan of care and the medical condition of the individual. There is an expectation that the therapy will improve function, assist development of function, or keep an acceptable level of functioning. An individual would either not be expected to develop the function or would be expected to permanently lose the function (not merely experience fluctuation in the function) without the habilitative service. If the undeveloped or impaired function is not the result of a loss of body part or injury, a physician experienced in the evaluation and management of the undeveloped or impaired has confirmed that the function would not either be expected to develop or would be permanently lost without the habilitative service. This information also concurs with the written treatment plan, which is likely to result in meaningful development of function or prevention of the loss of function. There is a written treatment plan documenting the short and long-term goals (including estimated time when goals will be met) of treatment, frequency and duration of treatment, and what quantitative outcome measures will be used to assess function objectively. Documentation objectively verifies that, at a minimum, functional status is kept or developed. The services are delivered by a qualified provider of physical therapy services. Physical Therapy (CPG 135) Not Covered or Reimbursable I. Habilitative PT services are not covered or reimbursable if any of the criteria above are not met or the individual’s condition is strictly of a behavioral nature without any associated motor involvement that impacts functional activities (e.g., ADHD, anxiety). Not Covered or Reimbursable I. The following physical therapy service is not covered or reimbursable: The treatment visit extends beyond 4 timed unit services per date of service per provider (equivalent to one hour). Not Covered or Reimbursable I. Physical therapy for the treatment of ANY of the following conditions is not covered or reimbursable: • sexual dysfunction unrelated to a musculoskeletal or orthopedic condition scoliosis curvature correction (e.g., Schroth Method) II. Use of the following treatments is not covered or reimbursable: Intensive Model of constraint-induced movement therapy(CIMT) • Intensive Model of Therapy (IMOT) programs • Dry hydrotherapy/aquamassage/hydromassage • Non-invasive Interactive Neurostimulation (e.g., InterX®) • Microcurrent Electrical Nerve Stimulation (MENS) • H-WAVE ® • Spinal manipulation for the treatment of non-musculoskeletal conditions and related disorders • Equestrian therapy (e.g., hippotherapy) • MEDEK Therapy • The Interactive Metronome Program • Dry needling • Elastic therapeutic tape/taping (e.g., Kinesio™ tape, KT TAPE/KT TAPE PRO™, Spidertech™ tape) Vertebral axial decompression therapy and devices (e.g., VAX-D, DRX, DRX2000, DRX3000, DRX5000, DRX9000, DRS, Dynapro™ DX2, Accu-SPINA™ System, IDD Therapy® [Intervertebral Differential Dynamics Therapy], Tru Tac 401, Lordex Power Traction device, Spinerx LDM) Massage Therapy Massage therapy is not covered or reimbursable when provided in the absence of covered physical therapy, occupational therapy or chiropractic modalities. Note: Massage therapy may be provided by several types of providers. To qualify for coverage, the provider must meet the definition of provider contained in the benefit plan. Please refer to the applicable plan language to determine benefit coverage for the rendering provider. Hand Orthotic A custom fitted (L3807, L3915, L3917, L3923, L3929, L3931) or custom fabricated (L3763-L3766, L3806, L3808, L3891, L3900, L3901, L3905, L3906, L3913, L3919, L3921, L3933, L3935, L3956, L4205) hand orthotic is medically necessary for a patient requiring stabilization or support to the hand and/or wrist and who is expected to have improved function with the use of the device and when the patient’s Physical Therapy (CPG 135) clinical findings are severe and dysfunctional such that an off-the-shelf orthotic is insufficient for the patient’s needs when ALL of the following criteria are met: The orthosis is prescribed to support, align, prevent or correct a deformity • Evidence of a physical examination within the prior six months, for a condition that supports the use of the item prescribed, is documented in the individual’s medical record. One or more of the following criteria are met:  to substitute for weak muscles (e.g., following cervical spine injury, brachial plexus injury, peripheral nerve injury [e.g., median, ulnar or radial nerves], sprain, strain) to support or immobilize a structure (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, overuse syndromes [e.g., lateral epicondylitis, cubital tunnel syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain tenosynovitis, trigger finger], trauma, following surgical repairs, fractures [e.g., acromioclavicular dislocation, clavicle fracture])   prevent contracture or deformity from neurological injury (e.g., brain injury, stroke [i.e., spasticity], spinal cord injury, brachial plexus injury, peripheral nerve injury)  correct joint contractures resulting from disease or immobilization (e.g., post fracture, burns)  when necessary to carry out ADLs (e.g., spinal cord injured individuals) One of more of the following additional criteria are met:  post-surgical intervention  orthotic requires unique components (e.g., pulleys, rubber bands)  neurologic co-morbidities (e.g., sensory deficit, spasticity)  swelling/lymphedema comorbidity  multiple-joint involvement  plan of care for serial splinting  orthotic will need frequent modification  skin impairment co-morbidity The clinical documentation supports the medical necessity of a custom fitted or custom fabricated orthotic beyond what is necessary for an off-the-self orthotic. DESCRIPTION Physical therapy (PT) services are skilled services which may be delivered by a physical therapist or other health care professional acting within the scope of a professional license. A service is not considered a skilled therapy service merely because it is furnished by a therapist or by a therapist/therapy assistant under the direct or general supervision, as applicable, of a therapist. If a service can be self-administered or safely and effectively furnished by an unskilled person, without the direct or general supervision, as applicable, of a therapist, the service cannot be regarded as a skilled therapy service even though a therapist actually furnishes the service. Similarly, the unavailability of a competent person to provide a non-skilled service, notwithstanding the importance of the service to the patient, does not make it a skilled service when a therapist furnishes the service. Services that do not require the professional skills of a therapist to perform or supervise are not medically necessary, even if they are performed or supervised by a therapist, physician or NPP. Therefore, if a patient’s therapy can proceed safely and effectively through a home exercise program, self-management program, restorative nursing program or caregiver assisted program, physical therapy services are not indicated or medically necessary. Rehabilitative PT services are intended to improve, adapt or restore functions which have been impaired or permanently lost as a result of illness, injury, loss of a body part, or congenital abnormality involving goals an individual can reach in a reasonable period of time. If no improvement is documented after two weeks of treatment, an alternative treatment plan should be attempted. If no significant improvement is documented after a total of four weeks, re-evaluation by the referring provider may be indicated. Treatment is no longer medically necessary when the individual stops progressing toward established goals. The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, published by the APTA (2014), supports this guideline in all areas of physical therapy practice. Habilitative services are defined by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners as “health care services that help a person keep, learn or improve skills and functioning for daily living.” Habilitative services are intended Physical Therapy (CPG 135) to keep, develop or improve skills needed to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) which have not (but normally would have) developed or which are at risk of being lost as a result of illness, injury, loss of a body part, or congenital abnormality. Examples include therapy for a child who is not walking at the expected age. GENERAL BACKGROUND Physical therapists provide services to patients who have impairments, functional limitations, disabilities, or changes in physical function and health status resulting from injury, disease, or other causes. Medically necessary physical therapy services must relate to a written treatment plan of care and be of a level of complexity that requires the judgment, knowledge and skills of a physical therapist to perform and/or supervise the services. The plan of care for medically necessary physical therapy services is established by a licensed physical therapist. The amount, frequency and duration of the physical therapy services must be reasonable (within regional norms and commonly accepted practice patterns); the services must be considered appropriate and needed for the treatment of the condition and must not be palliative in nature. Thus, once therapeutic benefit has been achieved, or a home exercise program could be used for further gains without the need for skilled physical therapy, continuing supervised physical therapy is not considered medically necessary. If measurable improvement is made, then the progress towards identified goals should be clearly documented and the treatment plan updated accordingly. Physical therapists should document in clinical records the objective findings and subjective complaints that support the necessity for treatment. A treatment plan should be developed with planned procedures/modalities (frequency and duration), measurable and attainable short- and long-term goals, and anticipated duration of care. At a minimum, documentation is required for every treatment day and for each intervention performed. Each daily record should include: the date of service, the total treatment time for each date of service, and the identity of the person(s) providing the services;, and specific interventions used; the name of each modality and/or procedure performed, the parameters for each modality (e.g., amperage/voltage, location of pads/electrodes), area of treatment, and total treatment time spent for each intervention (mandatory for timed services). Failure to properly identify and sufficiently document the parameters for each intervention on a daily progress note may result in an adverse determination (partial approval or denial).There should be a reasonable expectation that the identified goals will be met. Duplicated / Insufficient Information (1) Entries in the medical record should be contemporaneous, individualized, appropriately comprehensive, and made in a chronological, systematic, and organized manner. Duplicated/nearly duplicated medical records (a.k.a. cloned records) are not acceptable. It is not clinically reasonable or physiologically feasible that a patient’s condition will be identical on multiple encounters. (Should the findings be identical for multiple encounters, it would be expected that treatment would end because the patient is not making progress toward current goals.) This includes, but not limited to: duplication of information from one treatment session to another (for the same or different patient[s]); • duplication of information from one evaluation to another (for the same or different patient[s]). Duplicated medical records do not meet professional standards of medical record keeping and may result in an adverse determination (partial approval or denial) of those services. (2) The use of a system of record keeping that does not provide sufficient information (e.g., checking boxes, circling items from lists, arrows, travel cards with only dates of visit and listings) should not be submitted. These types of medical record keeping may result in an adverse determination (partial approval or denial) of those services. Effective and appropriate documentation that meets professional standards of medical record keeping that adequately detail a proper assessment of the patient’s status, the nature and severity of patient complaint(s) or condition(s), and/or other relevant clinical information (e.g., history, parameters of each therapy performed, objective findings, progress towards treatment goals, response to care, prognosis.) is expected. Physical Therapy Treatment Sessions A physical therapy intervention is the purposeful interaction of the physical therapist with the patient and, when appropriate, with other individuals involved in patient care, using various physical therapy procedures and techniques to produce changes in the condition that are consistent with the diagnosis and prognosis. Physical Physical Therapy (CPG 135) therapy interventions consist of coordination, communication, and documentation; patient-related and family/caregiver instruction; and procedural interventions. Physical therapists aim to alleviate impairment and functional limitation by designing, implementing, and modifying therapeutic interventions. A physical therapy treatment session in the outpatient setting lasts up to one-hour on any given day and must be supported in the plan of care and based on a patient's medical condition. Consistent with Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs), up to a maximum of 4 timed codes (equivalent to one hour) will be allowed. PT services in excess of 60 minutes per day are generally not demonstrated to have additional medical benefit in an outpatient setting. Physical therapy can also be performed in a group setting. Patients with total joint replacement, low back pain, and urinary incontinence present with favorable outcomes in a group setting. A physical therapy session may include: Evaluation or reevaluation; Therapeutic exercise, including neuromuscular reeducation, strengthening, coordination, and balance; Functional training in self-care and home management including activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL); Functional training in and modification of environments (home, work, school, or community), including body mechanics and ergonomics; Manual therapy techniques, including soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization, and manual lymphatic drainage; Assessment, design, fabrication, application, fitting, and training in assistive technology, adaptive devices, and orthotic devices; Training in the use of prosthetic devices; Integumentary and wound care and protection techniques; Electrotherapeutic modalities; Physical agents and mechanical modalities; Community functional reintegration; Training of the patient, caregivers, and family/parents in home exercise and activity programs; Skilled reassessment of the individual's problems, plan, and goals as part of the treatment session • • • • • • • Modalities And Procedures The American Medical Association (AMA) Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) manual defines a modality as "any physical agent applied to produce therapeutic changes to biologic tissue; includes but is not limited to thermal, acoustic, light, mechanical, or electric energy” (AMA, 2018). Modalities may be supervised, which means that the application of the modality doesn’t require direct one-on-one patient contact by the practitioner. This means that set-up and application of the modality needs to be supervised by a physical therapist, but they do not need to perform the modality. Modalities may also involve constant attendance, which indicates that the modality requires direct one-on-one patient contact by the practitioner. Examples of supervised modalities include application of: Hot or cold packs • Mechanical traction • Unattended electrical stimulation (i.e., for pain relief) • Vasopneumatic devices • Whirlpool • Paraffin bath • Diathermy Examples of modalities that require constant attendance include: Contrast baths • Ultrasound • Attended electrical stimulation (i.e., NMES) • Iontophoresis Physical Therapy (CPG 135) Passive modalities are most effective during the acute phase of treatment, since they are typically directed at reducing pain, inflammation, and swelling. They may also be utilized during the acute phase of the exacerbation of a chronic condition. Passive modalities are rarely beneficial alone and are most effective when performed as part of a comprehensive treatment approach. Some improvement with the use of passive modalities should be seen within three visits. If passive therapy is not contributing to improvement, passive therapy should be discontinued and other evidence supported interventions implemented. The utilization of more than two passive modalities per office visit is typically considered excessive and is not supported as medically necessary. Use of more than two modalities on each visit date should be justified in the documentation. After one or two weeks, the clinical effectiveness of passive modalities begins to decline significantly. In some situations, passive modalities may be indicated for up to one or two months as part of comprehensive physical therapy program. The need for passive modalities beyond two weeks should be objectively documented in the clinical record. The AMA CPT manual defines therapeutic procedures as "A manner of effecting change through the application of clinical skills and/or services that attempt to improve function" (AMA, 2018). Examples of therapeutic procedures include therapeutic exercise to develop strength and endurance, range of motion and flexibility; neuromuscular re-education of movement, balance, coordination, kinesthetic sense, posture, and/or proprioception for sitting and/or standing activities; aquatic therapy with therapeutic exercises; gait training (including stairs); and manual therapy techniques (e.g., mobilization/manipulation, manual lymphatic drainage, manual traction); or therapeutic activities using dynamic activities to improve functional performance (direct one- on-one patient contact by the practitioner). Transition from passive physiotherapy modalities to active treatment procedures should be timely and evidenced in the medical record, including instructions on self/home care. And in most cases, active treatment should be initiated in addition to modality use at a level that is appropriate for the patient. Active therapeutic procedures are typically started as swelling, pain, and inflammation are reduced. The need for stabilization and support is replaced by the need for increased range of motion and restoration of function. Active care elements include increasing range of motion, strengthening primary and secondary stabilizers of a given region, and increasing the endurance capability of the muscles. Care focuses on active participation of the patient in their exercise program. Gait training, muscle strengthening, and progressive resistive exercises are considered active procedures. Many active procedures may be performed independently and safely by the patient in a non-medically supervised setting. In general, patients should progress from active procedures to a home exercise program that is progressed throughout treatment. Below is a description and medical necessity criteria, as applicable, for different treatment interventions, including specific modalities and therapeutic procedures associated with physical therapy. This material is for informational purposes only and is not indicative of coverage, nor is it an exhaustive list of services provided. Hydrotherapy/Whirlpool/Hubbard Tank These modalities involve supervised use of agitated water in order to relieve muscle spasm, improve circulation, or cleanse wounds e.g., ulcers, skin conditions. More specifically, Hubbard tank involves a full-body immersion tank for treating severely burned, debilitated and/or neurologically impaired individuals. Hydrotherapy is considered medically necessary for pain relief, muscle relaxation and improvement of movement for persons with musculoskeletal conditions. It is also considered medically necessary for wound care (cleansing and debridement). It is not appropriate to utilize more than one hydrotherapy modality on the same day. Fluidotherapy® This modality is used specifically for acute and subacute conditions of the extremities. Fluidotherapy® is a dry superficial thermal modality that transfers heat to soft tissues by agitation of heated air and Cellux particles. The indications for this modality are similar to paraffin baths and whirlpool and it is an acceptable alternative to other heat modalities for reducing pain, edema, and muscle spasm from acute or subacute traumatic or non-traumatic musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities, including complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). A benefit of Fluidotherapy® is that patients can perform active range of motion (AROM) while undergoing treatment. Vasopneumatic Devices These special devices apply pressure for swelling/edema reduction, either after an acute injury, following a surgical procedure, due to lymphedema, or due to pathology such as venous insufficiency. Units that provide cold therapy with compression are not examples of vasopneumatic devices. Vasopneumatic devices are Physical Therapy (CPG 135) considered not medically necessary for any condition given the state of evidence relative to lymphedema. Standard of care for lymphedema is complex lymphedema therapy, which includes skin and nail care, manual drainage techniques, compression bandaging, and therapeutic exercise. Hot/Cold Packs Hot packs increase blood flow, relieve pain and increase movement; cold packs decrease blood flow to an area for pain and swelling reduction and are typically used in the acute phase of injury or in the acute phase of an exacerbation. They are considered medically necessary for painful musculoskeletal conditions and acute injury. Paraffin Bath This modality uses hot wax for application of heat. It is indicated for use to relieve pain and increase range of motion of extremities (typically wrists and hands) due to chronic joint problems or post-surgical scenarios. Mechanical Traction This device provides a mechanical pull on the spine (cervical or lumbar) to relieve pain, spasm, and nerve root compression. Infrared Light Therapy Infrared light therapy is a form of superficial heat therapy used to increase circulation to relieve muscle spasm. Other heating modalities are considered superior to infrared lamps and evidence is lacking in peer-reviewed literature to support effectiveness. Utilization of the Infrared light therapy CPT code is not appropriate for low level laser treatment. This also does not refer to Anodyne® Therapy System. Electrical Stimulation Electrical stimulation is used in different variations to relieve pain, reduce swelling, heal wounds, and improve muscle function. Functional electric stimulation is considered medically necessary for muscle re-education (to improve muscle contraction) in the earlier phases of rehabilitation. Iontophoresis Electric current used to transfer certain chemicals (medications) into body tissues. Use to treat inflammatory conditions, such as plantar fasciitis and lateral epicondylitis. Contrast Baths This modality is the application of alternative hot and cold baths and is typically used to treat extremities with subacute swelling or CRPS. Contrast baths assist with hypersensitivity reduction and swelling reduction. Ultrasound This modality provides deep heating through high frequency sound wave application. Non-thermal applications are also possible using the pulsed option. Ultrasound is commonly used to treat many soft tissue conditions that require deep heating or micromassage to a localized area to relieve pain and improve healing. Diathermy (i.e., shortwave) This modality utilizes high frequency magnetic and electrical current to provide deep heating to larger joints and soft tissue structures for pain relief, increased healing, and muscle spasm reduction. Microwave diathermy presents a negative benefit: risk ratio and is not recommended. Therapeutic Exercises This procedure includes instruction, feedback, and supervision of a person in an exercise program for their condition. The purpose is to increase/maintain flexibility and muscle strength. Therapeutic exercise is performed with a patient either actively, active-assisted, or passively. It is considered medically necessary for loss or restriction of joint motion, strength, functional capacity or mobility which has resulted from disease or injury. Note: Exercising done subsequently by the member without a physician or therapist present and supervising would not be covered. Neuromuscular Reeducation This therapeutic procedure is provided to improve balance, coordination, kinesthetic sense, posture, and proprioception to a person who has reduced balance, strength, functional capacity or mobility which has resulted from disease, injury, or surgery. The goal is to develop conscious control of individual muscles and awareness Physical Therapy (CPG 135) of position of extremities. The procedure may be considered medically necessary for impairments which affect the body's neuromuscular system (e.g., poor static or dynamic sitting/standing balance, loss of gross and fine motor coordination) that may result from musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disease or injury such as severe trauma to nervous system, post orthopedic surgery, cerebral vascular accident and systemic neurological disease. Aquatic Therapy Pool therapy (aquatic therapy) is provided individually, in a pool, to debilitated or neurologically impaired individuals. (The term is not intended to refer to relatively normal functioning individuals who exercise, swim laps or relax in a hot tub or Jacuzzi.) The goal is to develop and/or maintain muscle strength and range of motion by reducing forces of gravity through total or partial body immersion (except for head). Gait Training This procedure involves teaching individuals with neurological or musculoskeletal disorders how to ambulate given their disability or to ambulate with an assistive device. Assessment of muscle function and joint position during ambulation is considered a necessary component of this procedure, including direct visual observation and may include video, various measurements, and progressive training in ambulation and stairs. Gait training is considered medically necessary for training individuals whose walking abilities have been impaired by neurological, integumentary, muscular or skeletal abnormalities, surgery, or trauma. This also includes crutch/cane ambulation training and re-education. Massage Therapy Massage involves manual techniques that include applying fixed or movable pressure, holding and/or causing movement of or to the body, using primarily the hands. These techniques affect the musculoskeletal, circulatory- lymphatic, nervous, and other systems of the body with the intent of improving a person's well-being or health. The most widely used forms of basic massage therapy include Swedish massage, deep-tissue massage, sports massage, neuromuscular massage, and manual lymph drainage. Massage therapy may be considered medically necessary when designed to restore muscle function, reduce edema, improve joint motion, or for relief of muscle spasm, and determined not duplicative to other modalities/procedures. Soft Tissue Mobilization Soft tissue mobilization techniques are more specific in nature and include, but are not limited to, myofascial release techniques, friction massage, and trigger point techniques. Specifically, myofascial release is a soft tissue manual technique that involves manipulation of the muscle, fascia, and skin. Skilled manual techniques (active and/or passive) are applied to soft tissue to effect changes in the soft tissues, articular structures, neural or vascular systems. Examples are facilitation of fluid exchange, restoration of movement in acutely edematous muscles, or stretching of shortened connective tissue. This procedure is considered medically necessary for treatment of restricted motion of soft tissues in involved extremities, neck, and trunk. Joint Mobilization/Manipulation Joint mobilization and manipulation is utilized to reduce pain and increase joint mobility. Most often mobilizations are indicated for extremity and spine conditions, while manipulation may be more generally indicated for spinal conditions. Therapeutic Activities This procedure involves using functional activities (e.g., bending, lifting, carrying, reaching, pushing, pulling, stooping, catching and overhead activities) to improve functional performance in a progressive manner. The activities are usually directed at a loss or restriction of mobility, strength, balance or coordination. They require the professional skills of a practitioner and are designed to address a specific functional need of the member. This intervention may be appropriate after a patient has completed exercises focused on strengthening and range of motion but need to be progressed to more function-based activities. These dynamic activities must be part of an active treatment plan and directed at a specific outcome. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Training Training of impaired individuals in essential activities of daily living and self- care activities including: bathing; feeding; preparing meals; toileting; dressing; walking; making a bed; and transferring from bed to chair, wheelchair or walker. This procedure is considered medically necessary to enable the member to perform essential activities of daily living related to the patient's health and hygiene, within or outside the home, and with Physical Therapy (CPG 135) minimal or no assistance from others. Services provided concurrently by physical therapists and occupational therapists may be considered medically necessary if there are separate and distinct functional goals. Cognitive Skills Development This procedure is considered medically necessary for persons with acquired cognitive defects resulting from head trauma, or acute neurologic events including cerebrovascular accident or pediatric developmental condition. It is not appropriate for persons without potential for improvement. Occupational/speech therapists with specific training typically provide this care, however physical therapists can also provide this care through a team approach. This procedure should be aimed at improving or restoring specific functions which were impaired by an identified illness or injury. Orthotic Training Training and re-education with braces and/or splints (orthotics). Hand Orthotic Fabrication Orthotic devices are defined as orthopedic appliances used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities. Orthotics may also redirect, eliminate or restrict motion of an impaired body part. In this context, they are not used for participation in sports, to improve athletic performance, and/or to prevent injury in an otherwise uninjured body part. Static orthoses are rigid and are used to support weakened or paralyzed body parts in a particular position. Dynamic orthoses are used to facilitate body motion to allow optimal function. Medical necessity for any orthotic device must be documented in the individual’s medical record. Supportive documentation includes a prescription for the specific device, recent physical examination for the condition being treated, (i.e., < six months) with assessment of functional capabilities/limitations and any other comorbidities. Orthoses may be prefabricated or custom fabricated. A prefabricated orthosis is any orthoses that is manufactured in quantity without a specific patient in mind. A prefabricated orthosis can be modified (e.g., trimmed, bent or molded) for use by a specific patient and is then considered a custom-fitted orthosis. An orthosis that is made from prefabricated components is considered a prefabricated orthosis. Any orthosis that does not meet the standard definition of custom-fabricated is considered to be a prefabricated device. A custom-fabricated orthosis is one that is specifically made for an individual patient starting with the most basic materials that may include plastic, metals, leather or various cloths. The construction of these devices requires substantial labor such as cutting, bending, molding and sewing, and may even involve the use of some prefabricated components. A molded-to-patient model orthosis is a type of custom-fabricated device for which an impression of the specific body part is made (e.g., by means of a plaster cast, or computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing [CAD-CAM] technology). The impression is then used to make a specific patient model. The actual orthosis is molded from the patient-specific model. CAD-Cam and other technologies, such as those that determine alignment of the device, are considered integral to the fitting and manufacturing of the base device. An unmodified, prefabricated orthosis is generally used in treating a condition prior to a custom-fitted orthosis (prefabricated orthosis that is modified by bending or molding for a specific patient). A custom-fitted orthosis is generally attempted prior to the use of a custom-fabricated orthosis (individually constructed from materials). Custom fabricated devices are considered medically necessary only when the established medical necessity criteria is met for the device and the individual cannot be fitted with a prefabricated (off-the-shelf) device or one is not available. Examples of conditions precluding the use of a prefabricated device typically include abnormal limb contour (e.g., disproportionate size/shape) or deformity (e.g., valgus, varus deformity) or when there is minimal muscle mass upon which to suspend the orthosis. Prosthetic Checkout These assessments are considered medically necessary when a device is newly issued or there is a modification or re-issue of the device. These assessments are considered medically necessary when a member experiences loss of function directly related to the orthotic or prosthetic device (e.g., pain, skin breakdown, or falls). This is usually completed in 1-2 sessions. Prosthetic Training Training and re-education with prosthetics devices. Considered medically necessary for persons with a medically necessary prosthetic. Periodic return visits beyond the third month may be necessary. Wheelchair Management Training This procedure is considered medically necessary only when it is part of an active treatment plan directed at a specific goal. The member must have the capacity to learn from instructions. Typically, three (3) sessions are adequate. Physical Therapy (CPG 135) Certain physical medicine modalities and therapeutic procedures are considered duplicative in nature and it would be inappropriate to perform or bill for these services during the same session, such as: • • • • Functional activities and ADLs More than one deep heating modality Massage therapy and myofascial release Orthotics training and prosthetic training Whirlpool and Hubbard tank The medical necessity of neuromuscular reeducation, therapeutic exercises, and/or therapeutic activities, performed on the same day, must be documented in the medical record. Only one heat modality would be considered medically necessary during the same treatment session, with the exception of use of one form of superficial heat and one form of deep heat (i.e. ultrasound or diathermy and hot packs). Use of two forms of deep or superficial heat would not be acceptable. Active Wound Care Management The AMA CPT manual defines active wound care procedures as those procedures "performed to remove devitalized tissue and/or necrotic tissue and promote healing" (AMA, 2014). The practitioner is required to have direct one-on-one contact with the patient. Examples of active wound care management include debridement of an open wound, including topical application; use of whirlpool or other modalities; and negative pressure wound therapy. Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Tests According to the AMA CPT manual “Needle electromyographic procedures include the interpretation of electrical waveforms measured by equipment that produces both visible and audible components of electrical signals recorded from the muscle(s) studied by the needle electrode" (AMA, 2014). For nerve conduction testing, “motor nerve conduction study recordings must be made from electrodes placed directly over the motor point of the specific muscle to be tested. Sensory nerve conduction study recordings must be made from electrodes placed directly over the specific nerve to be tested.” Waveforms must be reviewed on site in real-time. Reports must be prepared on site by the examiner and consist of the work product of the interpretation of numerous test results. EMG and NCV testing is only covered if provided by a qualified health care professional or physician. Physical therapists who are board certified by the APTA are considered qualified health professionals. State licensure rules and regulations apply. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a widely accepted therapeutic tool used to improve the quality of life and functional capacity of individuals with chronic lung disease. It is a multidisciplinary, comprehensive program of care that is individually tailored and designed to optimize autonomy and physical performance in patients with chronic respiratory impairment. The goal of PR is to help the individual achieve the highest level of independent functioning by improving pulmonary function, increasing exercise endurance and exercise work capacity, reducing dyspnea and normalizing blood gases. Manipulation of the chest wall, such as cupping, percussing, and vibration to facilitate lung function may be an important component of a multi-modal treatment plan for individuals with pulmonary conditions. Specific therapeutic procedures to increase strength or endurance of respiratory muscles may also be an acceptable intervention as well. DOCUMENTATION GUIDELINES Initial Examination/Evaluation/Diagnosis/Prognosis The physical therapist performs an initial examination and evaluation to establish a physical therapy diagnosis, prognosis, and plan of care prior to intervention. An initial evaluation for a new condition by a Physical Therapist is defined as the evaluation of a patient: For which this is their first encounter with the practitioner or practitioner group • Who presents with:   A new injury or new condition; or The same or similar complaint after discharge from previous care. Choice of code is dependent upon the level of complexity. Physical Therapy (CPG 135) Note: Appropriate range of motion (ROM) testing (CPT codes 95851- 95852), including digital wireless inclinometers or other such electronic device that measures ROM using a handheld device are integral within Evaluation/Reevaluation codes. Computerized isokinetic muscle strength and endurance testing using a machine, such as a Biodex, would be considered a physical performance test or measurement using CPT code 97750 – “Physical performance test or measurement (e.g. musculoskeletal, functional capacity), with written report, each 15 minutes.” Four components are used to select the appropriate PT evaluation CPT code. These include: Patient history and comorbidities • Examination and the use of standardized tests and measures • Clinical presentation • Clinical decision making Relevant CPT Codes: CPT 97161, 97162, and 97163 – Physical Therapy evaluation The physical therapist examination: • • • Produces data that are sufficient to allow evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and the establishment of a plan of care Is documented, dated, and appropriately authenticated by the physical therapist who performed it Identifies the physical therapy needs of the patient Incorporates appropriate tests and measures to facilitate outcome measurement The program is expected to result in significant therapeutic improvement over a clearly defined period of time. The physical therapist’s plan of care should be sufficient to determine the medical necessity of treatment, including: The diagnosis along with the date of onset or exacerbation of the disorder/diagnosis • A reasonable estimate of when the goals will be reached • Long-term and short-term goals that are specific, quantitative and objective • Physical therapy evaluation • The frequency and duration of treatment • Rehabilitation or habilitation prognosis • The specific treatment techniques and/or exercises to be used in treatment • Signature of the patient's physical therapist. Treatment Sessions Documentation of treatment sessions must include: Date of treatment • Specific treatment(s) provided that match the procedure codes billed • Total treatment time • Response to treatment • Skilled ongoing reassessment of the individual's progress toward the goals; including objective data that can be compared across time Any challenges or changes to the plan of care • Name and credentials of the treating clinician Progress Reports In order to reflect that continued PT services are medically necessary, intermittent progress reports must demonstrate that the individual is making functional progress. Progress reports should include at a minimum: Start date of therapy • Time period covered by the report • All diagnoses • Statement of the patient's functional level at the beginning of the progress report period and current status relative to baseline data at evaluation or previous progress report; objective measures related to goals should be included Changes in prognosis, plan of care, and goals; and why Physical Therapy (CPG 135) Consultations with or referrals to other professionals or coordination of services, if applicable • Signature and title of qualified professional responsible for the therapy services Reexamination/Reevaluation Re-evaluations are distinct from therapy assessments. There are several routine reassessments that are not considered re-evaluations. These include ongoing reassessments that are part of each skilled treatment session, progress reports, and discharge summaries. Re-evaluation provides additional objective information not included in documentation of ongoing assessments, treatment or progress notes. Assessments are considered a routine aspect of intervention and are not billed separately from the intervention. Continuous assessment of the patient’s progress is a component of the ongoing therapy services and is not payable as a re-evaluation. Re-evaluation services are considered medically necessary when all of the following conditions are met: Re-evaluation is not a recurring routine assessment of patient status • The documentation of the re-evaluation includes all of the following elements: An evaluation of progress toward current goals; • Making a professional judgment about continued care; • Making a professional judgment about revising goals and/or treatment or terminating services. AND the following indication is documented: An exacerbation or significant change in patient/client status or condition. A re-evaluation is indicated when there is an exacerbation or significant change in the status or condition of the patient. Re-evaluation is a more comprehensive assessment that includes all of the components of the initial evaluation, such as: Data collection with objective measurements taken based on appropriate and relevant assessment tests and tools using comparable and consistent methods; Making a judgment as to whether skilled care is still warranted; • Organizing the composite of current problem areas and deciding a priority/focus of treatment; • • Modification of intervention(s); • Revision in plan of care if needed; • Correlation to meaningful change in function; and • Deciphering effectiveness of intervention(s). Identifying the appropriate intervention(s) for new or ongoing goal achievement; Discharge/Discontinuation of Intervention The physical therapist discharges the patient from physical therapy services when the anticipated goals or expected outcomes for the patient have been achieved. The physical therapist discontinues intervention when the patient is unable to continue to progress toward goals or when the physical therapist determines that the patient will no longer benefit from physical therapy. The physical therapy discharge documentation: • • • • Includes the status of the patient at discharge and the goals and outcomes attained; Is dated and appropriately authenticated by the physical therapist who performed the discharge Includes, when a patient is discharged prior to attainment of goals and outcomes, the status of the patient and the rationale for discontinuation Includes initial, subsequent, and final FOM scores Includes proposed self-care recommendations, if applicable Includes referrals to other health care practitioners/referring physicians, as appropriate Standardized Tests and Measures/Functional Outcome Measures (FOMs) Measuring outcomes is an important component of physical therapists’ practice. Outcome measures are important in direct management of individual patient care and for the opportunity they provide the profession in collectively comparing care and determining effectiveness. The use of standardized tests and measures early in an episode of care establishes the baseline status of the patient, providing a means to quantify change in the patient's functioning. Outcome measures, along with other Physical Therapy (CPG 135) standardized tests and measures used throughout the episode of care, as part of periodic reexamination/reevaluation, provide information about whether predicted outcomes are being realized. As the patient reaches the termination of physical therapy services and the end of the episode of care, the physical therapist measures the outcomes of the physical therapy services. Standardized outcome measures provide a common language with which to evaluate the success of physical therapy interventions, thereby providing a basis for comparing outcomes related to different intervention approaches. Measuring outcomes of care within the relevant components of function (including body functions and structures), activity, and participation, among patients with the same diagnosis, is the foundation for determining which intervention approaches comprise best clinical practice.