Q76.7 Congenital malformation of sternum

Name of the Condition

• Congenital malformation of the sternum
• Also known as sternal deformities, chest wall deformities

Summary

Congenital malformation of the sternum refers to a group of conditions present at birth that affect the structure of the sternum, or breastbone. These malformations can lead to abnormalities in the shape or structure of the chest wall.

Causes

Congenital sternal malformations are typically caused by developmental anomalies during fetal growth. The exact causes vary but may include genetic mutations or environmental factors affecting embryonic development.

Risk Factors

• Family history of congenital malformations
• Prenatal exposure to certain drugs or harmful substances
• Genetic syndromes associated with skeletal malformations

Symptoms

• Visible concavity or protrusion of the chest
• Difficulty in breathing or respiratory distress in severe cases
• Possible impact on cardiac function due to compressive effects

Diagnosis

• Physical examination to observe the structure of the chest
• Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to assess bone structure
• Genetic testing if a hereditary syndrome is suspected

Treatment Options

• Observation: Mild cases may only require monitoring as the child grows.
• Physical therapy: Exercises to improve respiratory function and posture.
• Surgery: Corrective surgeries such as Nuss procedure or Ravitch technique may be required in severe cases to reconstruct the chest wall.

Prognosis and Follow-Up

• With appropriate intervention, most individuals lead a normal life.
• Regular follow-up is necessary to monitor growth and development, especially after surgical intervention.

Complications

• Respiratory difficulties due to restricted lung expansion
• Increased risk of respiratory infections
• Potential cardiovascular issues in severe deformities

Lifestyle & Prevention

• There are no specific prevention measures, but healthy prenatal care can reduce risks.
• Encouragement of respiratory exercises and maintaining an active lifestyle to support lung function.

When to Seek Professional Help

• Difficulty in breathing
• Noticeable changes in chest shape or structure as the child grows
• Any concerning symptoms that affect the child's well-being

Additional Resources

• American Thoracic Society (ATS)
• Children’s Hospital’s pediatric chest wall program
• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Tips for Medical Coders

• Ensure accurate identification and documentation of the specific type of sternal malformation.
• Avoid confusion with acquired deformities or trauma-induced conditions.