M45.1 Ankylosing spondylitis of occipito-atlanto-axial region

ICD10CM code

#### Name of the Condition
- Ankylosing spondylitis of occipito-atlanto-axial region
- Also known as AS in the occipito-atlanto-axial region

#### Summary
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) of the occipito-atlanto-axial region is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the joints at the base of the skull and the upper spine. This condition leads to stiffness and pain due to inflammation, potentially impacting mobility and quality of life.

#### Causes
- The exact cause of ankylosing spondylitis is unknown.
- Strong genetic factor, often linked to the HLA-B27 gene.

#### Risk Factors
- Family history of ankylosing spondylitis or related disorders.
- Male gender, as the condition is more prevalent in men.
- Age, most commonly affecting individuals between the ages of 20 and 40.

#### Symptoms
- Neck pain and stiffness.
- Limited range of motion in the upper spine.
- Fatigue.
- In severe cases, fusion of the joints which can limit mobility further.

#### Diagnosis
- Physical examination focusing on range of motion and pain assessment.
- Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to detect inflammation or fusion.
- Blood tests to identify markers like the HLA-B27 genetic marker.

#### Treatment Options
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation.
- Physical therapy to maintain mobility and flexibility.
- Biologic medications if conventional treatments are ineffective.
- Surgery is rare but may be considered in cases of severe joint damage or neurological complications.

#### Prognosis and Follow-Up
- With management, many patients can control symptoms and maintain a good quality of life.
- Regular follow-up is essential for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy.

#### Complications
- Severe fusion leading to the loss of mobility.
- Increased risk of spinal fractures.
- Potential neurological impact if nerves are compressed.

#### Lifestyle & Prevention
- Regular exercise focusing on flexibility and strengthening.
- A healthy diet to maintain optimal body weight.
- Posture management and ergonomic adjustments in daily activities.

#### When to Seek Professional Help
- Persistent or severe neck pain and stiffness.
- Signs of neurological impact such as numbness or weakness.
- Unmanageable pain despite initial treatments.

#### Additional Resources
- [Spondylitis Association of America](https://spondylitis.org)
- [Arthritis Foundation](https://www.arthritis.org)

#### Tips for Medical Coders
- Ensure accurate classification under ICD-10 code M45.1.
- Avoid coding errors by distinguishing this condition from other types of spondylitis affecting different spinal regions.
- Pay attention to documentation specifying the occipito-atlanto-axial region.

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