Name of the Procedure:

Daily Dialysis for ESRD Patients Younger Than 2 Years: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Summary

Daily dialysis for young patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) involves cleansing the blood of waste products and excess fluids using peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis methods.

Purpose

Medical Condition:

• End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Goals:

• Remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood
• Maintain electrolyte balance
• Improve quality of life and prolong survival

Indications

Symptoms or Conditions:

• Severe kidney function impairment
• Fluid overload, uremia, electrolyte imbalances

Patient Criteria:

• Younger than 2 years of age
• Diagnosed with ESRD

Preparation

Instructions:

• No solid food 4-6 hours before the procedure
• Clear fluids allowed up to 2 hours before the procedure

Diagnostic Tests:

• Blood tests to assess kidney function and electrolyte levels
• Ultrasound or other imaging if necessary

Procedure Description

Steps:

1. Peritoneal Dialysis:

   • A catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity.
   • Dialysis solution is infused through the catheter.
   • Waste products diffuse across the peritoneal membrane into the solution, which is then drained.

2. Hemodialysis:

   • Blood is drawn from the body through a vascular access like a central venous catheter.
   • It is filtered through a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluids.
   • Cleaned blood is returned to the body.

Tools:

• Dialysis machine, sterilized catheter, dialyzer, dialysis solution

Sedation:

• Minimal or no sedation for peritoneal dialysis; local anesthesia for catheter placement in hemodialysis

Duration

Typically 1-3 hours per session, depending on patient needs and type of dialysis

Setting

• Hospital, specialized pediatric dialysis centers, or outpatient clinics

Personnel

• Pediatric nephrologist
• Dialysis nurse
• Technicians specialized in dialysis procedures

Risks and Complications

Common Risks:

• Infection at catheter site
• Fluid imbalance

Rare Risks:

• Bowel perforation (peritoneal dialysis)
• Cardiovascular issues or clotting problems (hemodialysis)

Management:

• Antibiotics for infections
• Careful monitoring of weight and fluid status

Benefits

Expected Benefits:

• Improved waste removal and fluid balance
• Enhanced quality of life
• Stabilized health parameters

Timeframe:

• Benefits are typically noticeable within days to weeks of regular treatment.

Recovery

Post-Procedure Care:

• Regular monitoring of vitals and blood tests
• Care of the dialysis access site

Recovery Time:

• Minimal downtime; ongoing process until a kidney transplant or better kidney function is established

Restrictions:

• Dietary adjustments and fluid restrictions as instructed by a healthcare provider

Follow-Up:

• Regular follow-up appointments to adjust treatment as needed

Alternatives

Other Options:

• Kidney transplant
• Conservative management with medication and dietary changes

Pros and Cons:

• Kidney transplant: Long-term solution but requires matching donor and surgical risks.
• Conservative management: Non-invasive but often insufficient for ESRD.

Patient Experience

During the Procedure:

• Minimal discomfort; parents can often stay with the child.
• Mild sedation or distraction techniques used to keep the child calm.

After the Procedure:

• Minor soreness or bruising at the catheter site
• Regular pain management strategies include acetaminophen

Pain is generally well-managed, ensuring the child is as comfortable as possible during and after the procedure.