Immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry, per specimen; initial single antibody stain procedure
CPT4 code
Name of the Procedure:
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or Immunocytochemistry (ICC); initial single antibody stain procedure
Summary
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC) are lab procedures used to detect specific antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue or cytological sample. This technique involves staining tissues or cells using a single type of antibody to identify the presence and localization of a particular protein.
Purpose
These procedures are primarily used to diagnose diseases, including various types of cancers, by identifying specific markers in cells. The goal is to determine the presence or absence of certain antigens that help in diagnosing and formulating treatment plans.
Indications
- Suspicion of cancer or other diseases involving specific cell markers.
- Need for precise diagnosis by detecting protein expressions.
- In cases where previous tests (like histology) were inconclusive.
Preparation
- Usually, no special preparation is needed from the patient.
- Collecting tissue or cell samples might require separate procedures like a biopsy which may have their own specific pre-procedure instructions.
- Inform the healthcare provider of any medications or allergies.
Procedure Description
- A tissue or cell sample is collected, fixed, and embedded in paraffin or prepared on a slide.
- The sample is treated to expose the antigens and then incubated with a single primary antibody specific to the target protein.
- A secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody is added; this is usually linked to a detection system such as an enzyme or fluorescent dye.
- Visualization of the staining pattern is done under a microscope, allowing pathologists to identify the presence and location of the protein in the tissue or cells.
Duration
The entire staining process typically takes a few hours to complete.
Setting
Performed in a laboratory setting, usually part of a hospital or specialized diagnostic clinic.
Personnel
- Pathologists or laboratory technicians specialized in immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry.
- Sometimes overseen by a pathologist for final diagnosis.
Risks and Complications
- Generally considered a safe and non-invasive technique.
- Risk factors are minimal; however, improper handling of antibodies or sample might lead to inaccurate results.
Benefits
- Allows specific and sensitive detection of antigens, aiding in accurate diagnosis.
- Rapid and reliable results can guide effective treatment plans.
- Helps in differentiating between different types of diseases.
Recovery
- No physical recovery needed from the staining procedure itself.
- Recovery and care instructions would depend on how the tissue or cell sample was obtained.
Alternatives
- Other diagnostic methods include molecular assays like PCR, flow cytometry, or traditional histopathology.
- Each alternative has its own pros (e.g., specificity, different types of information) and cons (e.g., cost, time).
Patient Experience
- The patient does not experience the staining process directly as it is done in a lab.
- Any discomfort related to sample collection (like biopsy) may involve local anesthesia and standard post-procedure care.