Name of the Procedure:

Ova and Parasite Examination (O&P) - Direct Smears, Concentration, and Identification

Summary

An Ova and Parasite Examination is a laboratory test used to detect parasites and their eggs (ova) in stool samples. The test involves examining the stool under a microscope to identify the presence of parasites and their developmental stages, which can be causing gastrointestinal symptoms.

Purpose

The O&P examination is used to diagnose parasitic infections in the intestines. Commonly detected parasites include Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium. The goal is to identify and treat the infection to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Indications

• Persistent diarrhea
• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Nausea and vomiting
• Unexplained weight loss
• Recent travel to areas with poor sanitation or known parasitic infections
• Immunocompromised patients with gastrointestinal symptoms

Preparation

• Patients may be instructed to avoid certain medications, such as antacids, bismuth, or anti-diarrheal agents for several days before the test.
• Multiple stool samples may be required on different days to increase the chances of detecting the parasites.
• No specific fasting is usually required.

Procedure Description

1. Sample Collection: The patient collects stool samples in a clean, dry container provided by the healthcare provider.
2. Direct Smears: A small amount of the stool is placed on a microscope slide and examined directly under the microscope to identify parasites or ova.
3. Concentration Techniques: Techniques like flotation or sedimentation are used to concentrate the parasites and ova, making them easier to detect.
4. Identification: The concentrated samples are examined under a microscope by trained laboratory personnel to identify specific parasites.

Duration

The examination and identification process typically takes several hours to a day, depending on laboratory workload and techniques used.

Setting

The procedure is performed in a diagnostic laboratory.

Personnel

• Laboratory technicians
• Microbiologists
• Pathologists (if further expertise is required)

Risks and Complications

• There are minimal risks associated with stool sample collection.
• The primary risk is a misdiagnosis if the parasites are not detected due to inadequate sample or improper technique.

Benefits

• Accurate diagnosis of the parasitic infection.
• Appropriate treatment can be initiated based on the specific parasite identified.
• Symptom relief and prevention of further complications.

Recovery

• No recovery time is needed as the procedure is non-invasive.
• Patients are advised to follow up with their healthcare provider for treatment based on the results.

Alternatives

• Immunoassay tests for specific parasites.
• Molecular methods like PCR for detecting parasitic DNA.
• Each alternative has different sensitivity, specificity, and cost considerations.

Patient Experience

• Patients must collect stool samples, which can be unpleasant but is generally painless.
• Some discomfort might be experienced if multiple samples are needed.
• Pain management is not applicable as the procedure itself is non-invasive.