Name of the Procedure:

Angiography, Extremity, Unilateral (Common name: Limb Angiogram)

Summary

An angiography of an extremity involves using X-ray imaging to examine the blood vessels in one of the limbs. A contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream to help visualize arteries and veins, enabling detailed observation of blood flow and vessel structure.

Purpose

The procedure is used to diagnose blockages, narrowing, or abnormalities in the blood vessels of a limb. The primary goals are to identify issues that impair blood circulation and to plan appropriate treatments, such as angioplasty, surgery, or medication.

Indications

• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, or ulcers in a limb; unexplained limb fatigue; poor wound healing.
• Conditions: Peripheral artery disease (PAD), blood clots, aneurysms, vascular malformations.
• Patient Criteria: Patients experiencing limb ischemia, those with high risk of vascular disease, or those requiring pre-surgical vascular assessment.

Preparation

• Fasting: Patients typically need to avoid food and drinks for 6-8 hours before the procedure.
• Medication Adjustments: Patients may need to stop blood thinners or other specific medications as directed by their doctor.
• Pre-procedure Tests: Blood tests, kidney function tests, and ECG may be required to ensure the patient’s readiness.

Procedure Description

1. Sedation and Anesthesia: Local anesthesia is applied at the injection site; sedation may be used if necessary.
2. Insertion of Catheter: A catheter is inserted through a small incision, usually in the groin or arm.
3. Injection of Contrast Dye: The dye is injected through the catheter into the bloodstream.
4. Imaging: X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood vessels in the limb.
5. Interpretation: A radiologist interprets the images to detect any abnormalities.

Duration

The procedure typically takes about 30 minutes to one hour.

Setting

Performed in a hospital’s radiology department, outpatient clinic, or surgical center equipped for vascular imaging.

Personnel

• Radiologist: Conducts the imaging and interprets the results.
• Radiology Technologist: Assists with the imaging equipment.
• Nurse: Prepares the patient and provides post-procedure care.
• Anesthesiologist: Administers sedation, if necessary.

Risks and Complications

• Common risks: Bruising or soreness at the injection site, allergic reaction to contrast dye.
• Rare risks: Blood vessel damage, bleeding, infection, kidney damage due to contrast dye.

Benefits

• Accurate diagnosis of vascular conditions.
• Improved planning for further treatments.
• Immediate information on blood flow and vessel health.

Recovery

• Post-procedure care: Rest and monitoring for several hours, drink plenty of fluids to flush out contrast dye.
• Restrictions: Avoid strenuous activities for 24-48 hours.
• Follow-up: Depending on findings, follow-up appointments may be scheduled to discuss further treatment.

Alternatives

• Doppler Ultrasound: Non-invasive but less detailed imaging.
• Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): No radiation, but not suitable for patients with certain implants.
• CT Angiography: Offers detailed images but involves higher radiation exposure.

Patient Experience

• During the procedure: Minor discomfort at the insertion site, a warm sensation as the dye is injected.
• After the procedure: Soreness at the injection site, generally manageable with over-the-counter pain relief. Most patients can resume normal activities within a day or two.