Operative tissue ablation and reconstruction of atria, performed at the time of other cardiac procedure(s), limited (eg, modified maze procedure) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
CPT4 code
Name of the Procedure:
Operative Tissue Ablation and Reconstruction of Atria (Modified Maze Procedure)
Summary
This procedure involves the targeted ablation (destruction) and reconstruction of the atrial tissue in the heart to treat abnormal heart rhythms. It is often performed in conjunction with other cardiac surgeries.
Purpose
The procedure aims to address atrial fibrillation or other types of arrhythmias by creating a maze-like pattern of scar tissue, which helps to direct the electrical impulses of the heart in a controlled manner. This can help restore a normal heart rhythm and improve heart function.
Indications
- Persistent or chronic atrial fibrillation not responding to medication or other treatments.
- Symptomatic arrhythmias causing significant distress or risk to the patient.
- Patients undergoing other cardiac surgeries, such as valve repair or coronary artery bypass grafting, who also have atrial fibrillation.
Preparation
- Fasting for at least 8 hours before the procedure.
- Adjustments in medication, particularly anticoagulants and antiplatelets, as instructed by the healthcare provider.
- Pre-procedure diagnostic tests such as blood work, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiogram.
Procedure Description
- The procedure begins with general anesthesia to ensure the patient is unconscious and pain-free.
- The surgeon makes an incision in the chest to access the heart.
- Using specialized tools, the surgeon performs ablation to destroy targeted areas of atrial tissue.
- The ablation creates scar tissue that disrupts abnormal electrical pathways.
- Reconstruction may involve suturing or patching to help guide the heart's electrical impulses correctly.
- The primary cardiac procedure (e.g., valve repair) is then completed.
- The chest is closed, and the patient is moved to recovery.
Duration
The procedure typically takes 3 to 6 hours, depending on the complexity and any additional cardiac surgeries being performed.
Setting
The procedure is performed in a hospital surgical suite, often in a specialized cardiac surgery operating room.
Personnel
- Cardiac Surgeon
- Surgical Nurses
- Anesthesiologist
- Perfusionist (if heart-lung machine is used)
- Cardiac Technologists
Risks and Complications
- Common risks: bleeding, infection, temporary arrhythmias.
- Rare but serious risks: stroke, damage to the heart or nearby organs, complications related to anesthesia.
- Management: Close monitoring during and after surgery, medications to control heart rhythm and prevent blood clots.
Benefits
- Restoration of normal heart rhythm.
- Improvement in symptoms of atrial fibrillation, such as fatigue and shortness of breath.
- Reduced risk of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation.
Recovery
- Initial recovery in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for close monitoring.
- Hospital stay of 5-7 days on average.
- Pain management typically involves medications administered through an IV or orally.
- Physical activity restrictions and gradual return to normal activities over 6-8 weeks.
- Follow-up appointments to monitor heart function and rhythm.
Alternatives
- Medication management for atrial fibrillation.
- Catheter ablation procedures, though less invasive, may not be as effective in all patients.
- Electrical cardioversion to reset the heart's rhythm.
- The pros and cons of alternatives include varying degrees of effectiveness, invasiveness, and recovery times compared to the modified maze procedure.
Patient Experience
Patients may feel groggy or disoriented when they wake up from anesthesia. They can expect some pain at the incision site, which is managed with medication. Over the recovery period, patients typically report improvements in symptoms and overall heart function.