Name of the Procedure:

Vascular Embolization or Occlusion (Arterial, Non-Hemorrhagic/Non-Tumor)

Summary

Vascular embolization or occlusion is a minimally invasive procedure used to block blood flow to a specific area within an artery. This technique is guided by imaging to ensure precision and is often done with the patient under sedation.

Purpose

The procedure addresses issues like congenital or acquired vascular abnormalities. The main goal is to resolve symptoms and prevent potential complications by stopping blood flow to the problem area.

Indications

• Congenital vascular malformations
• Acquired arteriovenous fistulas
• Vascular abnormalities causing symptoms like pain or swelling

Preparation

• Patients may need to fast for several hours before the procedure.
• Medication adjustments may be necessary, including stopping blood thinners.
• Pre-procedure diagnostic tests may include blood work and imaging studies (e.g., MRI, CT scan).

Procedure Description

1. The patient is positioned on an imaging table and given local anesthesia and possibly sedation.
2. A small incision is made to access the artery, usually in the groin area.
3. A catheter is inserted into the artery and guided to the target area using intraprocedural roadmapping and imaging.
4. Embolic agents (e.g., coils, particles, or glue) are delivered through the catheter to block the blood flow.
5. Radiological supervision and interpretation ensure the embolization is accurate and complete.

Duration

Typically, the procedure lasts between 1 to 3 hours.

Setting

The procedure is commonly performed in a hospital's interventional radiology suite or a specialized surgical center.

Personnel

• Interventional Radiologist
• Radiologic Technologist
• Nurses
• Anesthesiologist or Nurse Anesthetist

Risks and Complications

• Infection at the catheter insertion site
• Allergic reactions to contrast dye
• Bleeding or bruising
• Vessel injury or perforation
• Non-target embolization (blocking unintended vessels)

Benefits

• Alleviates symptoms caused by vascular abnormalities.
• Reduces the risk of complications such as aneurysms or abnormal bleeding.
• Minimal recovery time compared to open surgery.

Recovery

• Patients are usually monitored for several hours post-procedure.
• Instructions include avoiding strenuous activities for several days.
• Follow-up imaging may be needed to ensure the success of the embolization.
• Full recovery typically occurs within a week.

Alternatives

• Observation and medication for asymptomatic conditions
• Open surgical repair, which is more invasive
• Each alternative has its own risk-benefit profile compared to embolization.

Patient Experience

• Patients generally experience mild discomfort during the procedure due to the local anesthesia.
• Post-procedure, there may be some soreness at the catheter site.
• Pain management includes over-the-counter pain relievers, and the healthcare team will provide comfort measures to ensure a smooth recovery.