Antibody to human leukocyte antigens (HLA), solid phase assays (eg, microspheres or beads, ELISA, Flow cytometry); semi-quantitative panel (eg, titer), HLA Class I
CPT4 code
Name of the Procedure:
Antibody to Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), Solid Phase Assays; Semi-Quantitative Panel, HLA Class I
Summary:
This test measures the presence and quantity of antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) Class I in the blood. It uses advanced techniques like microspheres/beads, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), or flow cytometry to detect these antibodies.
Purpose:
The procedure is designed to identify and quantify antibodies against HLA Class I, which are proteins on the surface of most cells in the body. This can help in understanding immune compatibility in transplant patients, diagnosing certain autoimmune diseases, and monitoring immune responses.
Indications:
- Patients undergoing organ or tissue transplantation.
- Individuals suspected of having autoimmune diseases.
- Patients with unexplained adverse reactions to previous transplants.
- Evaluation of potential blood or platelet donors.
Preparation:
- Generally, no special preparation like fasting is required.
- Patients may need to inform their healthcare provider about all medications and supplements they are taking.
- A blood sample will be needed, so it's important to stay hydrated.
Procedure Description:
- A healthcare professional draws a blood sample from the patient.
- The blood sample is sent to a lab where it is processed to isolate serum.
- The serum is exposed to a solid-phase medium, which could be microspheres, beads, or an ELISA plate coated with HLA antigens.
- The presence of HLA antibodies is detected using specific techniques such as ELISA or flow cytometry.
- The results are analyzed to measure the quantity and specificity of HLA Class I antibodies.
Duration:
The blood draw takes about 5-10 minutes. Laboratory analysis may take several hours to a few days.
Setting:
The blood sample is usually drawn in a hospital, outpatient clinic, or laboratory setting.
Personnel:
- Phlebotomist (for drawing blood)
- Laboratory technicians and technologists
- Pathologists or immunologists for result interpretation
Risks and Complications:
- Minor risks include bruising or soreness at the blood draw site.
- Rarely, there can be infection or excessive bleeding.
Benefits:
- Helps in determining compatibility for organ or tissue transplants.
- Assists in diagnosing autoimmune conditions.
- Aids in monitoring immune status, potentially preventing rejection in transplant recipients.
Recovery:
- There is no specific recovery time needed; patients can return to their usual activities immediately.
- Some patients may experience minor bruising or discomfort at the blood draw site.
Alternatives:
- Crossmatch tests or serological tests, though they may not offer the same specificity and sensitivity.
- Molecular methods for genotyping but these do not measure antibodies.
- Pros and cons depend on individual clinical circumstances and the required level of detail.
Patient Experience:
- The patient will feel a needle prick when the blood sample is drawn.
- Any discomfort is usually minimal and temporary.
- It's important to stay relaxed and hydrated to facilitate a smoother blood draw.