Antibody to human leukocyte antigens (HLA), solid phase assays (eg, microspheres or beads, ELISA, Flow cytometry); antibody identification by qualitative panel using complete HLA phenotypes, HLA Class I
CPT4 code
Name of the Procedure:
Antibody to Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), Solid Phase Assays (e.g., Microspheres or Beads, ELISA, Flow Cytometry); Antibody Identification by Qualitative Panel Using Complete HLA Phenotypes, HLA Class I
Summary
This procedure identifies specific antibodies in the blood that are directed against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) Class I. These are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body and are important for the immune response. The test can use various methods, including bead assays, ELISA, and flow cytometry, to detect these antibodies.
Purpose
The procedure is conducted to identify antibodies against HLA Class I proteins, which can be crucial for patients awaiting organ or tissue transplants. The presence of these antibodies can cause transplant rejection, so knowing their presence can help in planning and matching transplants more effectively.
Indications
- Patients on the transplant waiting list
- Patients who have experienced transplant rejection
- Individuals requiring HLA typing for disease association studies
- Pre-transplant evaluation to ensure compatibility
Preparation
- No specific fasting required.
- Patients should inform the healthcare provider of any medications they are taking.
- Blood sample collection will be arranged, often preceded by an evaluation of the patient's medical history and current health status.
Procedure Description
- A blood sample is collected from the patient.
- The sample is processed and exposed to a panel of known HLA antigens using solid phase assays.
- Techniques like microsphere or bead assays, ELISA, or flow cytometry are employed to detect the presence of specific anti-HLA antibodies.
- The test identifies and maps out the complete phenotype of HLA Class I antibodies present in the blood.
Duration
The blood collection takes about 10-15 minutes. The processing and analysis usually take a few hours to a few days, depending on the specific methods and the laboratory's schedule.
Setting
The blood sample collection is typically done in a hospital or outpatient clinic. The analysis is performed in a specialized laboratory.
Personnel
- Phlebotomist or nurse to draw the blood sample
- Medical laboratory technologists or pathologists to perform the analysis
- Transplant coordinator or healthcare provider to interpret the results and coordinate care
Risks and Complications
- Minor pain or bruising at the site of blood draw
- Rare risk of infection at the puncture site
- Possible anxiety about the results, which should be discussed with a healthcare provider
Benefits
- Provides critical information for transplant compatibility, reducing the risk of rejection
- Helps tailor immunosuppressive therapy post-transplant
- Aids in understanding immune responses related to various diseases
Recovery
- Minimal recovery time; patients can typically resume normal activities immediately after the blood draw.
- Follow-up appointment with the transplant team or specialist to discuss results and next steps.
Alternatives
- Serological methods for antibody detection, though less specific
- Molecular HLA typing, which is more focused on identifying HLA gene variations rather than antibodies
Pros of Alternatives:
- Molecular typing is highly accurate for genetic matching.
- Serological methods are broadly applicable and less expensive.
Cons of Alternatives:
- Molecular typing doesn't detect antibodies, which are crucial for transplant compatibility.
- Serological methods may not be as specific or sensitive as solid phase assays.
Patient Experience
- During the blood draw, the patient may feel a brief pinch or discomfort.
- There may be slight soreness or bruising at the draw site, which usually resolves quickly.
- Post-procedure, patients are generally comfortable and can return to their daily activities with no need for special care.