87542 Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Legionella pneumophila, quantification

Name of the Procedure:

Infectious Agent Detection by Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA); Legionella pneumophila, Quantification

Summary

This test determines the presence and amount of Legionella pneumophila, a bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease, in a patient's sample by analyzing its DNA or RNA. The technique used is highly sensitive and specific, allowing for accurate detection and quantification.

Purpose

The goal of the procedure is to diagnose Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila, and to assess the bacterial load in the patient's body. This information aids in tailoring appropriate treatment strategies.

Indications

• Symptoms such as high fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches, and headaches.
• A history of exposure to environments like water systems, hot tubs, or air conditioning systems where Legionella bacteria are known to proliferate.
• Immunocompromised patients with unexplained pneumonia.
• Outbreak investigations to control and prevent the spread of infection.

Preparation

• No specific fasting or dietary restrictions are usually required.
• Patients may be asked to provide sputum, bronchial washings, or other respiratory secretions.
• Completing a medical history and physical examination to pinpoint potential exposure to Legionella.

Procedure Description

1. A sample, usually sputum or bronchial lavage fluid, is collected from the patient.
2. The sample undergoes nucleic acid extraction to isolate DNA or RNA of the Legionella bacteria.
3. The extracted nucleic acid is subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to amplify the genetic material.
4. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is then used to measure the amount of bacterial DNA/RNA, providing a quantifiable result.
5. The results are analyzed and reported by laboratory specialists.

Tools and Equipment:

• Sample collection containers
• Nucleic acid extraction kits
• PCR and qPCR machines

No anesthesia or sedation is required for the sample collection.

Duration

The procedure typically takes several hours to a few days, depending on the lab's capacity and workflow.

Setting

This procedure is performed in a specialized diagnostic laboratory.

Personnel

• Medical laboratory scientists or technicians
• Microbiologists or molecular biologists
• Physicians to interpret results

Risks and Complications

• Very low risk associated with sample collection (e.g., minor discomfort or coughing during sputum collection).
• False negative or false positive results, although rare, due to technical issues or sample contamination.
• Inconclusive results may require repeat testing.

Benefits

• Accurate and early detection of Legionella pneumophila infection.
• Quantification helps in monitoring the response to treatment.
• Rapid results assist clinicians in making timely decisions about patient care.

Recovery

• No physical recovery is necessary as the procedure is non-invasive.
• Follow any additional instructions provided by the healthcare provider.

Alternatives

• Culture of Legionella from respiratory samples, though it takes longer and is less sensitive.
• Urinary antigen test for Legionella, which is quicker but less specific for detecting different strains or quantifying bacterial load.

Patient Experience

• During the sample collection, the patient may experience mild discomfort or coughing.
• The patient should experience minimal to no discomfort afterward, as the test is non-invasive.
• Pain management is not typically required for this procedure.